where are the ashes of the alamo defenders

Some were recent immigrants from the United States, or even from Europe, and had joined the cause to defend Texas liberty. Todish (1998), p. 85; Moore (2007), p. 100.; Davis (2004), p. 143; Todish et al. 7273; Moore (2004), p. 60. This event is so significant in my mind that I always try to devote a column that honors the heroism of these men on or around the anniversary of the occasion. It was believed they were buried in the vicinity of the Alamo, but their exact location was forgotten over time. In 2004, a bronze marker was erected by the Alamo Defenders Descendants Association at Odd Fellows Cemetery, near the northeast corner of Pine Street and Paso Hondo. Credits, Media/Business Inquiries On March 28, 1837, an official public ceremony was conducted to give a Christian burial to the ashes. Strange and amusing destinations in the US and Canada are our specialty. Groneman (1990), p. 76; Green (1988), p. 500; Lindley (2003), p. 91; Moore (2007), p. 100. The total number of Alamo defenders now stood at between 180 and 190. I have had both pyres positions positively located by those who saw the corpses of the slain placed there.. The pyres were on opposite sides of what is now East Commerce Street, one where the now-demolishedHalff building sat, and the other on the site of the old Ludlow house, according to the newspapers account. Stories, reports and tips on tourist attractions and odd sights in Texas. Last entry is 15 minutes prior to closing. The most recent discovery was in 1979, when a skull was found at the Alamo. Who were they? [18] In an 1860 statement for the Texas Almanac, former San Antonio alcalde (mayor) Francisco Antonio Ruiz set the number at 182. Joined relief force from Gonzales, arrived March 1, 1836. Most historians agree that a few of the defenders were captured but were executed as rebels on the specific orders of Santa Anna. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 34. In 1835, colonists from the United States joined with Tejanos (Mexicans born . Groneman (1990), p. 80; Moore (2007), p. 100. The group has even started a DNA database of its members. The Disposition of the Alamo Defenders' Ashes. Built by Spanish missionaries during the eighteenth century, the Alamo was constructed as mission and fortress for converting Native Americans to Christianity. In a March 6, 1836, victory dispatch Santa Anna noted, More than 600 corpses of the foreigners were buried in the ditches and entrenchmentshis bloated estimate of Texian dead as absurd as his burial claim. 2023 Nonprofit journalism for an informed community. One defender, Gregorio Esparza, was buried in the Campo Santo (cemetery) in the area of Milam Park. If thats not the version of history youre familiar with, youre not alone. 9293; Groneman (2001), pp. This Monday, March 6, marks the anniversary of the fall of the Alamo outside of San Antonio, Texas, back in 1836. Whether Corner was noting a separate discovery of skeletal remains by Babbitt or mistakenly referring to Everetts earlier find is unknown. Trip Planning Caution: RoadsideAmerica.com offers maps, directions and attraction details as a convenience, providing all information as is. For further reading he also recommends The Alamo Reader, edited by Todd Hansen, and Alamo Defenders, by Bill Groneman. Please reload the page and try again. A muster roll of the final day of the battle does not exist, and therefore historians reconstruct the list of Defenders from available information. A Strong-willed Texan Scout Joined the Confederacy at 15. Groneman (1990), p. 50; Moore (2007), p. 100; Groneman (1990), p. 51; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100. Lining up St. Josephs Church on that map with an aerial from Google Earth indicates the River Center parking garage at 849 E. Commerce St. and the Marriott Rivercenter hotel parking garage are on the sites. [19], When the Alamo Cenotaph was created by Pompeo Coppini in 1939, the 187 defender names on the monument came from the research of Amelia Williams,[20] considered the leading Alamo authority of her day. At first the battle was primarily a siege marked by artillery duels and small skirmishes. Santa Anna had told Mexico City he expected to take San Antonio by March 2; he ended up doing so on March 6. Moore (2004), pp. The story of the pyres and the efforts to commemorate them illustrates how the passage of time and the growth of a city can erase crucial parts of history. [3] Later research has shown some listed on the cenotaph were not there, and the total of Alamo combatants has risen with newer research. The ashes were then placed in a marble tomb and displayed near the entrance of the cathedral, where they remain today. Legend claims that Seguin collected the ashes and placed them in a casket covered with black. One of the children, now 14 years old, told police that her father had been sexually assaulting her since she was 8. The first published Texian list of casualties was in the March 24, 1836 issue of the Telegraph and Texas Register. The battle, in fact, should never have been fought. By then the presence of defenders skeletal remains within the chapel was common knowledge in San Antonio. On December 5, 1835, the Texians attacked San Antonio in what became known as the Battle of Bxar. 101102; Todish (1998), p. 90. For example, San Antonio resident Eulalia Yorba recalled being pressed into service to tend to wounded Mexican soldiers. Remains thought to be those of the Alamo defenders were discovered at the Cathedral of San Fernando during the Texas 1936 centennial, and re-interred in a marble sarcophagus. I magine if the U.S. were to open interior Alaska for colonization and, for . [4], Erected in memory of the heroes who sacrificed their lives at the Alamo, March 6, 1836, in the defense of Texas. (signed) William Barret Travis, February 23, 1836" Letter to Gonzales alcalde Andrew Ponton. No archaeological research was done, since the work predated the states Antiquities Act. The other pyre, which was of equal width, was about eighty feet long and was laid out in the same direction, but was on the opposite side and on property now owned by Dr. Ferdinand Herff Sr., about 250 yards southeast of the first pyre, this property being known as the site of the old Post House or the Springfield House (334 E. Commerce St.). Some were placed in a coffin and taken to San Fernando church, then carried in a procession through the town, back to the east side of the river, and buried. As new research comes to light, this list and the history of each Defender might change. The discovery of various skeletons, skulls and bone fragments over the intervening 185 years indicate the disposal of the Texian dead wasnt as neat and tidy as history books generally portray. Youre a Mexican, and always will be. Renowned Author, James Michener, once said The Irish gave Texas it's basic . Meet Our Business Members & Supporting Foundations, Proudly powered by Newspack by Automattic. Travis ignored multiple warnings of Santa Annas approach and was simply trapped in the Alamo when the Mexican army arrived. The Battle of the Alamo (February 23 March 6, 1836) was a crucial conflict of the Texas Revolution. A 1999 report, Historical and Archaeological Investigations at the Site of Rivercenter Mall (Las Tiendas), by Anne Fox and Marcie Renner, included a chapter titled, Searching for the Funeral Pyre.. It is some sixty odd years, ago that the Springfield house was built, and sixty years is time enough for many changes to occur. "Companions in Arms!! The doctor said the soldiers first fired the chapel interior, dominated by a large, wooden artillery platform extending from the great front doors to the top of the rear wall. A story in the San Antonio Light onMarch 6, 1918, described the plaque ceremony, attended by several hundred people, with speeches by generals from Fort Sam Houston and the unveiling by De Zavala, granddaughter of the first vice president of the Republic of Texas. The deaths of these "Martyrs to Texas Independence" inspired greater resistance to Santa Anna's regime, and the cry "Remember the Alamo" became the rallying point of the Texas Revolution. Santa Anna, after the Mexicans were taken out, ordered wood to be brought to burn the bodies of the Texans Ruiz wrote. Dr. E.F. Mitchusson, Dispatched on a personal errand for Segun February 23, Assumed to be a courier, who left with John William Smith, Chief surgeon of the garrison, created a hospital in the fortress, Left February 25 to recruit reinforcements, The final courier sent to Washington-on-the-Brazos, unable to return, Left for Gonzales as a courier on February 23; relayed the Travis letter from Albert Martin to the provisional government at, Sent to Gonzales for reinforcements on February 23, Namesake of Taylor County, brother of Edward and James, entered March 1 or 4, Namesake of Taylor County, Texas, brother of George and Edward, entered March 1 or 4, Per historian Lindley, no first name on the muster rolls, Slave of William B. Travis, fought beside him in the battle; accompanied Susanna Dickinson to Gonzales. [Note 1] Over the course of the next several days, new volunteers arrived inside the fortress while others were sent out as couriers, to forage for food, or to buy supplies. These men came from a variety of backgrounds and places, but all came together to fight for Texas liberty. Within the cemetery, the memorial is near Central, Summit, and Elm Avenues and is Rhode Island's only memorial to the Alamo. Groneman (1990), pp. And while the hallowed grounds of the Alamo may continue to yield archaeological clues, the fates of many who died in its defense 185 years ago will assuredly remain a mystery. Groneman (1990), pp. HistoryNet.com is brought to you by HistoryNet LLC, the worlds largest publisher of history magazines. Todish (1998), p. 82; Moore (2007), p. 100. Their ashes were not interred until almost a year later. In all probability the military buried them out of respect. In December of 1835, a group of Texan volunteer soldiers had. The story of the Alamo is a "heroic Anglo narrative." In the last 40 years, it has been disputed in many books, and it isn't as pretty as many Anglo writers depict. A marker on the outside wall of San Fernando Cathedral says remains of Alamo Heroes are entombed inside the cathedral near the entrance. Defenders of the Alamo are defined as those who fought and died during the final battle on March 6, 1836. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 109. 94, 112; Moore (2004), p. 60. tourist attractions and odd sights in Texas, Giant Empty Cross, Large Jesus on Horseback, Memorial to America's Worst Drunk Driving Accident. During the Battle of the Alamo, Susanna and Angelina took shelter in the sacristy of the church. The odor was more sickening than that from the corpses in the river. R.S. The Ashes of the Alamo Defenders San Fernando Cathedral, 115 Main Plaza, sfcathedral.org After the Battle of the Alamo, the remains of the dead Texians were burned in three funeral pyres on the . 7273, 105. By Ned Huthmacher / For the Express-News Show More Show Less 23 of 42 Some Alamo historians believe Juan Segun, a leader in the Texas revolution, took the defenders' ashes from two of three . More, National Cryptologic Museum, Annapolis Junction, Maryland (Feb 27-Mar 5, 2023). Todish (1998), p. 81; Hopewell (1994), p. 125; Nofi (1992), p. 131. Final reinforcements were able to enter the Alamo during March 14, most of them from Gonzales which had become a recruitment camp. Create Your Own Bizarre Road Trips! This day February 24, in 1836 the Alamo defenders called for help On February 24, 1836, in San Antonio, Texas, Colonel William Travis issues a call for help on behalf of the Texan troops . COMING SATURDAY: Red McCombs collection of historic artifacts. You have reached your limit of 4 free articles. In the end, the siege at the Alamo ended up costing him all of four days. Few areas of the world have been as hotly contested as the India-Pakistan border. (Image credit: Dean Fikar via Getty Images) The discovery of three. Jos Toribio Losoya was born in the Alamo barrio on April 11, 1808, only to pass away less than three decades later during the Battle of 1836 defending the Alamo. HistoryNet.com contains daily features, photo galleries and over 25,000 articles originally published in our nine magazines. The Alamo Cenotaph, also known as The Spirit of Sacrifice, is a monument in San Antonio, Texas, United States, commemorating the Battle of the Alamo of the Texas Revolution, which was fought at the adjacent Alamo Mission. This is too sad for comment.. Esparza's brother Francisco was a soldier in the Mexican army and received permission from Santa Anna for a Christian burial. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 25. Legend would later credit West with sending word of San Anna's whereabouts to Houston and then entertaining the Mexican general, distracting him enough that Houston's troops swept in at San Jacinto and defeated the Mexican army. He left an equally important written account of what he observed at the Alamo in a 1906 manuscript titled A Narrative of Military Experience in Several Capacities., The church seemed to have been the last stronghold, Everett wrote, and amidst the debris of its stone roof, when subsequently cleared away, were found parts of skeletons, copper balls and other articles, mementos of the siege. The artist noted the reverence with which he and fellow soldiers regarded the Alamo. Subscribe to our free daily newsletter for the latest headlines first thing every morning. Todish (1998), p. 89; Groneman (1990), pp.4041; Groneman (1990), p. 42; Moore (2007), p. 100. The lifeless bodies of David Crockett, James Bowie, William Barret Travis and the other Alamo defenders were stacked between layers of wood before being set ablaze. DNA tests may provide the answers. A marble sarcophagus in the entry of San Fernando Cathedral has markers nearby, saying it contains the remains of Alamo defenders. [21] Her work is still used by some as a benchmark, although skepticism has been voiced. Texian leader Sam Houston, believing that San Antonio could not be defended against a determined effort by the regular Mexican army, called for the Texian forces to abandon the city. Each of the Defenders has his own story and reasons for being at the Alamo. C. Neill, Left after February 25, later served as a baggage guard at the Battle of San Jacinto, Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company; namesake of. For too long, the revolt has been viewed by many as a war fought by all Anglos against all of Mexican descent. We killed Davy Crockett., Its a lesson many Latinos in the state dont learn until mandatory Texas history classes taught in seventh grade. A graduate of the University of Texas at Austin, she retired from a career in commercial interior Try My Sights, Roadside America app for iPhone, iPad. All rights reserved. Bernard, a surgeon of Fannins command who visited the Alamo ruins a few weeks after the battle, wrote in his diary of May 25, 1836, after looking at the spot where it is said that Travis fell and Crockett closed his immortal career, we went to visit the ashes of those brave defenders of our country, a hundred rods from the fort or church where they were burned. Five others had resided in the State before making their way to the Texas frontier. As far as we can tell, Fox and Ivey concluded, the skull is that of a participant in the Battle of the Alamo.. The Irish National Flag stands in a place of honor inside The Alamo in recognition of the largest ethnic group to defend that icon of independence. Born to a prominent San Antonio family, Juan Seguin led a life of service to his community. Excavations in 1985 unearthed 847 recovered specimens and 245 bone fragments. It has been said that the sarcophagus in the entrance at the San Fernando Cathedral contains the remains of defenders of the Alamo whose bodies were burned after the 1836 battle. 6465; Todish (1998), p. 89; Edmondson (2000), p. 369; Lindley (2003), p. 44. Some Tejanos were part of the Bexar military garrison, but others were part of Seguin's volunteer scout company and were in the Alamo on or before Feb 23. Some luridly claimed Bowies bloodstains remained visible on the wall. The Ludlow House, a three-story red brick boarding house built in about 1901, was razed in 1938 for a parking lot and later a Joskes tire outlet that was demolished in 1984. and the bones and ashes of the Alamo dead still in visible piles were shoveled into a large coffin and secretly buried under the altar of what is now the San Fernando Cathedral. The battle was over in less than two hours, leaving great Texas heroes like Jim Bowie, James Butler Bonham, and William Travis dead. The skull resides at the Center for Archaeological Research on the University of Texas San Antonio campus. Last edited on 28 February 2023, at 16:08, To the People of Texas & All Americans in the World, List of Texian survivors of the Battle of the Alamo, "Telegraph and Texas Register May 28, 1837", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Alamo_defenders&oldid=1142115922, Left on March 5 as the final courier sent from the Alamo, First courier sent out after arrival of Mexican troops on February 23, Adjutant of the garrison, next in command after co-commanders Bowie and Travis, Left February 29 as a courier to Gonzales, unable to enter the Alamo, Courier to Goliad and Gonzales, returned March 3, possibly died manning one of the cannons, Co-commander of the garrison after the departure of James. Poyo (1996), pp. The discoveries are tied to a $450 million renovation of Alamo Plaza, and the details are tantalizing. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Groneman (1990), p. 111. Start here.Use RoadsideAmerica.com's Attraction Maps to plan your next road trip. Susannah Dickinson and her daughter, Angelina Dickinson, moved to Bxar with her husband, Almeron, in February 1836. In his 1890 book San Antonio de Bxar: A Guide and History author William Corner recalled one specific discovery of remains that echoes the descriptions of Everett and Bernard. Green (1988), pp. This brings the total number of New York Alamo defenders to eleven. The issue is controversial. He was both a soldier and politician, becoming Mayor of San Antonio in 1841. Between 1,800 and 6,000 Mexican soldiers besieged the fort, while . The statue of American Federation of Labor founder Samuel Gompers occupies a small pocket park on Market Street, between the River Walk and the Shops at Rivercenter mall to the north and the Convention Center to the south. But the many myths surrounding Texas birth, especially those cloaking the fabled 1836 siege at the Alamo mission in San Antonio, remain cherished in the state. [Note 2], In response to pleas from Travis, James Fannin started from Goliad with 320 men, supplies and armaments, yet had to abort a day later due to a wagon breakdown. When the U.S. insists they follow American laws and pay American taxes, they refuse. Bernard, a Texian captive whod been spared execution at Goliad, documented the Mexican armys departure from San Antonio. The original version of this story misstated the name of the President of Mexico in 1835. Left as courier with Seguin on February 25, Entered March 1 or 4 Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company, Slave of Desauque, served as a combatant (Slaves identified by last names of their masters), On a scouting run when the Mexican troops arrived on February 23. Travis arrived at the Alamo in February 1836. San Antonio mayor Maury Maverick held a dedication ceremony on November 11, 1940. Groneman (2001), p. 1; Lindley (2003), pp. At one point the Ludlow House was the home of the Salvation Army chapel, and an old photo shows the plaque on the building then. Arnold guided Colonel Ben Milam's troops. USAA wants some remote employees in the office three days Jury takes an hour to reach verdict over deal at Port S.A. Texas Vista owner has threatened hospital shutdown before. It has yet to undergo DNA testing. An 1837 account of the funeral led by Seguin in the Telegraph and Texas Register said that ashes of the Alamo fallen were deposited at an unspecified place of interment after three volleys of musketry were fired to honor them at two pyre sites. Many know the famous names of James Bowie, William B. Travis, and David Crockett as men who died defending the Alamo, but there were about 200 others there during the Battle. Researchers are unclear whose remains they are or when they perished, and the Texas General Land Officethe present-day caretaker of the historic sitehas yet to approve DNA testing. An Alamo master plan under development for the city, Texas General Land Office and nonprofit Alamo Endowment includes a proposal to repair the Cenotaph and relocate it, possibly to a pocket park along Market Street, on the south end of the pedestrian bridge, in proximity to the Ludlow and Springfield sites. Jos Toribio Losoya by William Easley Jos Toribio Losoya was born in the Alamo barrio on April 11, 1808, only to pass away less than three decades later during the Battle of 1836 defending the Alamo. But the 1999 UTSA report said research indicates the only place that can safely be eliminated from contention is beneath the Cenotaph, even though it is the place most tourists assume is the site of their burial. The Post or Springfield House, on the south side of Commerce Street, was replaced by the Halff Building, which was later demolished in 1967 for a HemisFair river extension. William Luther / San Antonio Express-News. Groneman (1990), p. 63; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100. No portion of this document may be reproduced, copied or revised without written permission of the authors. There, nearly a year after the battle, local authorities had the ashes of the Texian defenders scooped into a lone coffin and interred with military honors. Were they among the remains unearthed by archaeologists in December 2019 and January 2020? Amos (Ancient Greek: , possibly from "sandy") was a settlement of ancient Caria, located near the modern town of Turun, Turkey.. History. corporation. In 1889 he recalled having had the ashes buried within San Antonios San Fernando Cathedral, in front of the altar railings, but very near the altar steps. Jos Mara Rodriguez, who witnessed the storming of the Alamo as a child, later expressed doubt the ashes had been buried inside the sanctuary without the common knowledge of his fellow parishioners, though a marble sarcophagus just inside the entrance of the present-day cathedral supposedly holds those ashes. 500,000+ HD Backgrounds & The Alamo Background 100% Free to Use High Quality Backgrounds Personalise for all Screen & Devices. You probably know the story of the Alamo and its brave-but-doomed defenders, including pioneer superstars Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie. They began stacking bodies, dry branches and wood about 3 p.m., and ignited the pyre about two hours later. Download 100+ Free The Alamo Background Photos & 500,000+ Backgrounds for Free. By most accounts, most or all of the corpses are believed to have been burned along the Alameda, a dirt road running along rows of cottonwood trees, where Commerce Street is now a major thoroughfare downtown. Six Alamo defenders are listed officially as being from New York. Lindley (2003), p. 144; Todish (1998), p. 79. Alamo, San Antonio, Texas For many years after 1845the year that Texas was annexed by the United Statesthe Alamo was used by the U.S. Army for quartering troops and storing supplies. In the aftermath of the Texas Revolution travelers to San Antonio were drawn to the site of the celebrated Battle of the Alamo. Everetts Alamo watercolors represent some of the earliest artistic depictions of the battle-scarred chapel, including a rear view of its roofless interior with rocks strewn about the dirt floor and weeds growing atop its walls. He directed the Alcalde, Ruiz, to have built two immense wooden pyres. Henry Woodson Strong scouted for famed Indian fighter Ranald S. Mackenzie. The Hon. Do you think the enraged Mexicans gave them decent funerals? The Battle of the Alamo during Texas' war for independence from Mexico lasted thirteen days, from February 23, 1836-March 6, 1836. Until March 4, Houston's authority did not extend to volunteers and local militias, which were the majority of the fighting force inside the Alamo. [8] Travis repeatedly dispatched couriers with pleas for reinforcements. A volunteer force under the joint command of William Barrett Travis, newly arrived in Texas, and James Bowie, and including Davy Crockett and his company of Tennesseans, and Juan Seguin's company of Hispanic Texan volunteers occupied and fortified the deserted mission and determined to hold San Antonio against all opposition. Hatch (1999), p. 188. Groneman (1990), p. 47; Edmondson (2000), p. 371. 5354; Lindley (2003), p. 144; Moore (2007), p. 100. Its connection to the poleis of Rhodes is further attested by the . R.A. Gillespie and Capt. During the Texan Revolution, Seguin supported independence. Santa Anna's Mexican army killed virtually all of the roughly 200 Texans (or Texians) defending the Alamo, including their leaders, Colonels William B. Travis and James Bowie, and the legendary. Purported to hold the ashes of Travis, Bowie and Crockett, some have doubted it can be proven whose remains are entombed there.[14]. RoadsideAmerica.comYour Online Guide to Offbeat Tourist Attractions. In 1910, Charles Barnes, journalist-historian and writer for the Express-News, published Combats and Conquests of Immortal Heroes and stated: When the slaughter was done, Santa Anna was confronted with the problem of disposing the dead. Left with Andrew Jackson Sowell left to buy supplies; namesake of, Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company dispatched with the Travis letter, Entered March 4 a.k.a. An hour later, all combatants inside the Alamo were dead. Defenders of the Alamo are defined as those who fought and died during the final battle on March 6, 1836. You can help preserve the Many of those were killed by the Mexican army. 3637. As an American, how would you feel? 94, 134. Subscribe to receive our weekly newsletter with top stories from master historians. Groneman (1990), p. 9; Moore (2007), p. 100. 90, 93. This event is so significant in my mind that I always try to devote a column that honors the heroism of these men on or around the anniversary of the occasion. The siege of the Alamo lasted for 13 days, from Feb. 23 to March 6, 1836, when the Mexican army surrounded and attacked the Alamo. A number of Texians known to have died at the Alamo are listed among the wounded on a muster roll after that December engagement. [24] In lieu of service pay, the cash-poor Republic of Texas adopted the system of military land grants. We respected it as a historical relicand as such its characteristics were not marred by us.. 4548; Lindley (2003), p. 87. Lindley (2003), p. 143; Groneman (1990), p. 93. Mexican forces under General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna continued to sweep across . Until recent decades, accounts of Tejano participation in the Texas revolution were notably absent, but historians such as Timothy M. Matovina[26] and Jess F. de la Teja[27] have helped add that missing perspective to the battle's events. Before dawn on March 6, he launched his troops against the walls of the Alamo in three separate attacks. We do not sell or share your information with anyone. Reuben M. Potter, who was in San Antonio shortly before the Civil War, later wrote in 1878 that the rude landmarks which once designated the place had long since disappeared. More, Roadside Presidents app for iPhone, iPad. But the way we view it doesand, as a state and a country, now is the time to teach the next generation our history, not our myths. The way I explain it, says Andres Tijerina, a retired history professor in Austin, is Mexican-Americans [in Texas] are brought up, even in the first grade, singing the national anthem and the Pledge of Allegiance and all that, and its not until the seventh grade that they single us out as Mexicans. 2627; Lindley (2003), p. 202. Use Next and Previous buttons to navigate. Groneman (1990), pp. The most notable group from Gonzales in the final days was the Gonzales Mounted Ranger Company, nicknamed the Immortal 32 in later decades, although the exact head count of that company varies by source. Poyo (1996), p. 54, "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Harden). Lindley (2003), p. 90; Groneman (1990), pp. Groneman (1990), pp. The 115names were supplied by couriers John Smith and Gerald Navan,[17] whom historian Thomas Ricks Lindley believed likely drew from their own memories, as well as from interviews with those who might have left or tried to enter.

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