(1995). Descriptive research has advantages and disadvantages with researchers accounting for positive and negative variables. Descriptivists allow for change and are willing to forgo some rules to fit current norms. Descriptive representation is hotly contested. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. Representative democracy is a form of government in which the people elect officials to create laws and policy on their behalf. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. tees, and voters weigh the pros and cons of descriptive representation, this analysis argues for attention to the specific historical contexts that make descrip- Descriptive representation should be judged primarily on this criterion. ), Representation and redistricting issues. Descriptive studies include case reports, case-series, qualitative studies and surveys (cross-sectional) studies, which measure the frequency of several factors, and hence the size of the problem. Sometimes you can add a subwoofer, depending on the model. The goal of a time restriction is to create a measurable outcome so that metrics can be in place. Democratic authority: A philosophical framework. Thirdly, results of this research can change over the period of time. Cornell, D. (1995). I was taught to never judge someone by how they look but upon their actions. List of Pros of Bicameral Legislature. One example of this is the district context hypothesis that states that individuals in districts. / Home; / About; descriptive representation pros and cons Descriptive analysis also involves identifying the position of a single value or its response in relation to others. #1) Waterfall Model. Goodin (2004) highlights that there is a tension between including members from different groups and subgroups on the one hand, and the practical ability to debate in the legislature thus rob them of the possibility of substantively represent their particular subgroup. Being a high school student I never payed much attention to anything outside of sports, academics and what crazy adventure me and my friends would be sucked into the upcoming weekend. Stanford Law Review, 43(6), 12411299. "American Government", OpenStax, OpenStax; Rice University. Swain, C. M. (1993). Descriptive representation describes the extent to which public officials reflect the demographic composition of the constituents that they serve. Something about the areas needed to clarify the distinctions. Compare the gains and losses of a proposal in the decision-making process. Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in. The theory of the politics of presence (Phillips 1995) provides reasons for expecting a link between descriptive and substantive representation. In Y. Galligan (Ed. Descriptive representation is the idea that political institutions should reflect the social composition of populations as they are.5 In descriptive representation, representatives not only have visible characteristics (such as ethnicity, gender, or sexual orientation) that are common to their constituents but also have shared experiences such as As Shaw and McKay, found out that the rates of crime were not evenly spread out across areas of the city, and around the city. Racial and ethnic minorities accounted for 90 percent of the population growth in the United States from 2000 to 2010, and the United States is rapidly becoming even more diverse. If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutions website, please contact your librarian or administrator. In recent decades, Congress has become much more descriptively representative of the United States. Founding members of the CBC include John Conyers (D-MI), currently the longest-serving member of the House of Representatives, Charles Rangel (D-NY), and Shirley Chisholm, a founder of the NWPC and the first African American woman to be elected to the House of Representatives. (1999). New York: Routledge. Roemer, J. Democratic political theory. In S. Besson & J. S. Mart (Eds. Representation is crucial for democracy: good representation helps to increase re-sponsiveness, foster electoral turnout, increase political interest and include minori-ties. Toggle navigation. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. The maximization use of an executive law-making body is the crucial advantage that representative democracy can offer. Representing consumer institutions: The case of American health planning. This could mean different agents from the same brokerage or even the same agent represents multiple clients. That structure makes it easier for extremist views to find official representation. Gain seats easily: A party that receives a high enough percentage of votes has a seat in . Social representation. This form of research provides insight on human nature, we are able to understand basic psychological processes from this. The imaginary domain: Abortion, pornography and sexual harassment. View the institutional accounts that are providing access. Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Shipping restrictions may apply, check to see if you are impacted, Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout. The advantage is that it ensures that government sis efficient as the democratic process has included checks and balances (Regoli). In the achievement of this endeavour, first, I have examined the legislative initiatives of the NP in the period January 2012 - June . Congress is also overwhelmingly Christian. Descriptive statistics describe a sample. Yet, demographically speaking, Congress as a whole is still a long way from where the country is and remains largely white, male, and wealthy. New York: Oxford University Press. 2. One of the benefits of descriptive representation is that the MEM representatives ethnicity and certain ethnic features of that representatives ethnicity can make MEM voters feel empowered.7 Such features can include physical appearance like skin colour and hair type. In the end, there is however a set of remaining pro arguments suggesting that descriptive representation produces some exclusive benefits. The NWPC was formed by Bella Abzug, Gloria Steinem, Shirley Chisholm, and other leading feminists to encourage womens participation in political parties, elect women to office, and raise money for their campaigns. The point of this chapter is neither to define the threshold level of effective state feminism nor to argue that state feminism actually delivers better than descriptive representation. When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. The politics of presence. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. Enter your library card number to sign in. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-51765-4_5, Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, London, eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0). The two main types of representation are descriptive and agency representation. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Princeton: Princeton University Press. The changing nature of European equality regimes. Confidentiality is the primary weakness of descriptive research. There are three main types of descriptive methods: observational methods, case-study methods and survey methods. Diagnostic analytics gives the reason why something happened. The data from a descriptive research project can be collected from one person or a small group of people. These questions are all the more important given that Latinos are the single largest minority group in the country and growing at exponential rates. Descriptive Representation and Intergroup Relations in Comparative Perspective. Four of those types include tables, bar graphs, line graphs and pie charts. Though as they showed that areas with high crime rates were high regardless of ethnic group. Here are the major reasons for using graphics to highlight the pros & cons: Show the pluses and minuses of specific options. New York: Verso. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves. Firstly, I will discuss the benefits and limitations of descriptive and substantive representation for MEM groups. This article will briefly describe each of these methods, their advantages, and their drawbacks. Qualitative Research Pros & Cons . Norris, P., & Franklin, M. (1997). Acceptability: Such a report is acceptable to busy persons because it easily highlights the theme of the report. Required fields are marked *. The second pro argument says that descriptive representation contributes exactly on this point, as far as social and cultural research show not only that people with significant descriptive characteristics may have overlapping experiences and interests shaping political preferences, but also that they communicate better among themselvesthe communication It makes things easier for extreme parties to gain representation. Political Therorists, Parliamentarians and the Meaning of Unequal Representation. The 114th Congress, which began in January 2015, had a historically large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities. Is the ideal of deliberative democracy coherent? Cambridge: Harvard University Press. Holst, C. (2010). In Atlanta, there are many places to go and sights to see such as: Cola-cola factory, Cabbage Patch Kids Factory, Under Ground Mall, the Zoo, Atlanta Braves Stadium, Six Flags Over Georgia, Stone Mountain Park, and the Atlanta Aquarium, are all in or near the city of Atlanta. Pearl Necklace for Women, 18K Gold Staion Neckalce Tin Cup Pearl Instead, proper representation for some is rooted in the racial, ethnic, socioeconomic, gender, and sexual identity of the representatives themselves. The predominant theory that descriptive representation improves a constituent's relationship with the state (Mansbridge 1999) has led to the study of how sharing a salient identity with one's representative positively affects attitudes toward government.In particular, political science has examined the effect of descriptive representation on political efficacy, a measure of trust and sense . ), Deliberative democracy and its discontents. This research could include the information on the raw numbers of people who buy the product, the demographics of the end user and the focus groups that ask for consumer feedback on the product. blurted this. One of the biggest advantages of descriptive research is that it allows you to analyze facts and helps you in developing an in-depth understanding of the research problem. Vibert, F. (2007). Because it is so varied in method and usage, researchers favor its use in many different fields including marketing, medical health, science and psychology. 3. Mansbridge, J. (1998). The results apply to various other topics and departments, too. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press. It doesn't answer the question "why", which makes it limited and won't come up with the cause and effect of a research topic. In academic and professional environments, researchers often take on research projects before making definitive statements or taking action involving the subject matter. Conservatives and right-wing liberals have traditionally opposed it, while left-wing political parties and social movements often regard quotas for marginalized groups as decisive progressive measures in struggles for democracy and justice. Towards a European union gender equality index. It is an Efficient Form of Government. Feminizing politics. Descriptive statistics are functions of the sample data that are intrinsically interesting in describing some feature of the data. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. descriptive representation is the extent to which a representative or legislative body resembles a given constituent and her social or demographic identities. An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the "what is" of a topic. The brevity by which descriptive investigations are carried out means that their costs are not high, compared to other types of investigations. Justice and the politics of difference. A software life cycle model is a descriptive representation of the software development cycle. Plantenga, J., Remery, C., Figueiredo, H., & Smith, M. (2009). The chapter discusses the costs and benefits of descriptive representation under state feminism in the light of institutional variation and the fact of reasonable normative disagreement. Descriptive representation A belief that constituents are more effectively represented by legislators who are similar to them in such key demographic characteristics as race, gender, ethnicity, or religion Racial gerrymandering The drawing of a legislative district to maximize th chance that a minority candidate will win the election Veto Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Goodin, R. 2004. Acta Politica, 4, 389403. You can learn more about how we use cookies by visiting our privacy policy page. The classic example of this advantage is that critical sample can be useful in determining the value of an investigation, while the expert sampling approach allows for an in-depth analysis of the information that is present. Descriptive research designs also offer a unique means of data collection. 1. 3. https://thenounproject.com/term/share/7671/, CC BY. In the face of the modern impatience with pages (or even paragraphs) of descriptive narrative, its easy for writers to overreact and decide to avoid description altogether. 26 ubat 2021 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Kategorilendirilmemi 0 Companies use descriptive research analysis, but it has both advantages and disadvantages. For example, if you are a representative for an ad agency, you may conduct research to find out consumer opinion on a certain product. Stella M. Rouse is assistant professor of government and politics at University of MarylandCollege Park. On the benefit side, intersectionality, welfare state and democratization seem to deliver several of the same goods as descriptive representation, raising the question of whether descriptive representation is at all recommendable, given what we know of its costliness. ), Redistribution or recognition? Goodin highlights that legislatures and governments need not include all groups and subgroups in society to represent the fact of diversity. The simplest example of this point, which is critical for an understanding of how languages function as representational systems, is the famous traffic lights example. Pitkin, H. F. (1972). 2. (eds) Gendered Citizenship and the Politics of Representation. London: Routledge. Today, EMILYs List, a PAC founded in 1985 to help elect pro-choice Democratic women to office, plays a major role in fundraising for female candidates. Engelstad, F., & Teigen, M. (2012). Growing up in America, children are taught by their grade school teachers to be proud of being American. Young, I. M. (1990). In Australia, 'ethnic' generally has been used to refer to immigrants (and their offspring) from non-British origins.3 Regarding the definition of 'migrant', I will apply the United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural, Under what conditions are Latinos elected to the Congress and state legislatures? However, its not unheard of for it to happen when two buyers are using the same agent. Lafont, C. (2006). While skeptics argue that the switch to MMP will evoke havoc and mark the end of a decisive government, the pros of proportional representation outweigh the cons. Nevertheless in a country where nearly 50% of Americans under 18 are minorities, the future looks quite hopeful for real change. Studies of the representation of minority interests in the era following the enactment 1938). 2. They delineate achievement and motivate students to study hard and perform well. They also have some other benefits over traditional headphones. Various reasons clarify why this is. How Do Parliamentarians Define Descriptive Representation? Proportional representation, sometimes called simply "PR," is defined as an "electoral system in which parties gain seats in proportion to the number of votes cast for them." This is different than a direct system of representation, where each seat is put up to a vote for a specific candidate, regardless of what party to which they associate. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. If you are doing a comparison between two products, you might give one product an unfair advantage to get the desired results. The more people feel less repressed by the authority the more they feel like they can speak and actual have their voices heard. Mansbridge, J. The first disadvantage is that descriptive research requires more skills. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Aldershot: Ashgate. History shows how minorities within America have been marginalized. From Your Site Articles Because Of Modern Feminism Disney Princess Gender Roles Are . You can download the paper by clicking the button above. Waterfall model is the very first model that is used in SDLC. The descriptive evaluation is the process of gathering, analyzing and interpreting information using different tools Comparing two schools within two separate districts instead of simply two schools in the city will add an additional layer of depth to this analysis, in that differences in the districts particular policies can be examined as to whether or not they contribute to the findings. Martin, J. R. (1994). that: The most affecting descriptive writing results from an author's providing not a linguistic blueprint of a library but the raw material (the air tinged with the scent of old pages, the shafts of dusty light through the window slats, the whispers, like trickling water, of the librarians behind the oval reference desk) from which the reader can erect her own library. Because it relies on such a range of different methods, it is considered a holistic approach to a subject. that is one example, One of their most vital discoveries was that distinction in wrongdoing rates crosswise over territories did not change with changes in the populace yet remained steady crosswise over time. While qualitative research may be hard to argue against because it involves numbers and tests, questions of the researchers motive and method often arise. Economics and Philosophy, 11, 2556. Ethics, 91, 431450. doughty funeral home exmore, virginia obituaries, Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, radisson blu resort residences punta cana, largest man made lake in the world by surface area, is rosemary oil safe for color treated hair, tarrant county democratic party precinct chairs. Secondly, I will draw upon Phuong Ngo as a case study to describe how descriptive and substantive representation impacted MEM voters in his constituency. Journal of European Social Policy, 19(1), 1933. Click the account icon in the top right to: Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Mink had been interested in fighting discrimination in education since her youth, when she opposed racial segregation in campus housing while a student at the University of Nebraska. A contingent yes. 1. Don't want to keep filling in name and email whenever you want to comment? Or at least, that's one theory. Walby, S. (2011). Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account. Rita Williams Garcia Net Worth, Wagle Estate, Thane-400604, Maharashtra, India. The question here is what happens to the calculus of descriptive representation under the condition that state feminist machineries are in place and work relatively efficiently. This article is licensed under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license. This process allows you to understand that specific set of observations. While women and minorities remain underrepresented in Congress, some individual legislators have achieved seniority and enough political clout necessary to move into leadership positions. (2014). Descriptive representation is a representation in which representatives have similar backgrounds to the people they represent. Young, I. M. (1994). The Politics of Local Presence: Is there a Case for Descriptive Representation? Pros & Cons of Existential Counseling . Weak coalition government: Proportional representation results in a weak and indecisive coalition government since every party wants to act in their best interest or get their own way with things. The extent to which a representative resembles those being represented. Race has been a long-standing and stubborn dividing line in local, state, and national politics in the United States (Rogers 6). On the relationship between gender democracy and gender equality in the EU. Oxford: Oxford University Press. (2002). It evaluates empirical evidence on the impact of race, gender, and ethnicity on the behavior of legislators. Minow, M. (1991). Comparative state feminism. It is always recommended to visit an institution's official website for more information. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. ), Women, politics, and change (pp. Easy to set up, doesn't require extra space. Phillips, A. Palgrave Macmillan, London. Towards a European union gender equality index. The contention is that such similarity in success prospects requires social and economic redistribution and not only anti-discrimination and equal treatment (what Rawls refers to as formal equal opportunities). Shaw and McKay created common complication hypothesis to explain variety crosswise over neighborhoods. In descriptive representation, representatives have similar backgrounds (gender, race, religion, etc.) thanked the writer. Descriptive research is a form of research that relies on a variety of different techniques to organize information. PR potentially offers greater and more-representative choice for voters. Cambridge: Polity Press. Since 1992, the U.S. Congress has experienced dramatic change in the demographic makeup of its membership. Previous Figure Next Figure. If you see Sign in through society site in the sign in pane within a journal: If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society. To save this article to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. In the 2012 general election, 80 percent of the candidates endorsed by EMILYs List won a seat. Gutmann, A., & Thompson, D. (1996). 5 No. Voice, trust, and memory: Marginalized groups and the failings of liberal representation. From class actions to Miss Saigon. Caption. Rallies and protests have emerged from incidents that dealt with racial profiling. The flexibility of purposive sampling allows researchers to . Advantages and disadvantages of descriptive representation Descriptive representation is where people are allowed to vote for leaders who they feel mirror their beliefs. Qualitative research, such as surveys and interviews, make information relatable to the reader. NORA Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 8(2), 6377. It helps by saving time and money while collecting data. Pros and Cons of different Prescriptive Analytics technologies | by AlainChabrier | IBM Data Science in Practice | Medium Write Sign up Sign In 500 Apologies, but something went wrong on our. Use descriptive statistics to summarize and graph the data for a group that you choose. Woocommerce Remove Product Attribute Programmatically, Women-centred and intersectional state feminism, state feminism inside and outside a welfare state context, and state feminism more and less democratized are compared, and it is argued that from the cost side, descriptive representation is more recommendable in a democratized, intersectional state feminist regime than in a women-centred technocratic one, whereas the effects of the welfare state variable on descriptive representation costs are more mixed. Purpose. The closest comparative system would be the representative republic, such as used in the United States. A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions. Your email address will not be published. I argue that race and ethnicity matter in congressional oversight of bureaucratic policymaking. Youve probably heard readers make that comment. I'm not sure what the pros and cons are of labelling all or only some such statistics as inferential. This is the case for women who remain numerically under-represented in legislatures around the world, but also ethnic minority groups, and other minorities. There are many benefits of including minorities of power in decision-making so-called descriptive representation. (1982). Ironic to think that is how one is taught to act but stereotypes are now bigger than ever right? The closer assessment of pros and cons will. In todays world, these injustices still remain an issue and arguably have become worst. In J. Parkinson & J. Mansbridge (Eds. Namely, the institutional design of the state legislature matters in terms of electoral responsiveness, with Florida and New Mexico the most responsive, and New York and the U.S. House the least responsive to the election of Latino legislators. Part of Springer Nature. Minorities have endured many forms of social injustices. For example, although more than half the U.S. population is female, only 20 percent of Congress is. With descriptive representation, decision makers will be more diverse and may therefore be more likely to listen to the input of more diverse citizens, to give and receive from them the kind of information that is relevant to their concerns, and to respond to their expressed needs (Broockman, 2013). Some of the most important are listed below. A complete Idea: Such representation creates a clear and complete idea in the mind of the audience. The purpose of this study is to examine the consequences of the level of descriptive representation of women in the National Parliament (NP) and European Parliament (EP) on the substantive representation of women. Politics & Gender, 1(4), 622637. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Barry, B. Mellom fag og feminisme: Kvinneforskning i statsvitenskap. Explaining Preferences about Descriptive Representation, When politics is not just a man's game: Women's representation and political engagement, Womens Political Representation: A Review, Partisanship, Structure and Representation: The Puzzle of African American Education Politics, Falling Behind, Keeping Up, or Getting Ahead: Ethnic Candidates and the Competition for non-Western Origin Voters in the West, Levelling the playing field: Monitoring Croatian policies to promote gender equality in politics, Can Deliberative Minipublics Address the Cognitive Challenges of Democratic Citizenship, Parity/Disparity: Electoral Gender Inequality on the Tightrope of Liberal Constitutional Traditions, INTERSECTIONAL PRESENTATIONS: An Exploratory Study of Minority Congresswomen's Websites' Biographies, Ethnocultural Voting? To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. This law-making body is generally controlled by the laws and governed by the state constitution. Methodological essentialism, false difference, and other dangerous traps. $\endgroup . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Feminism, epistemology and morality. Companies can collect data first-hand based on stats and unbiased information. On the other hand, there are some disadvantages of descriptive research. In contexts of group mistrust and uncrystallized interests, the better communication and experiential Like all different types of research, descriptive research has both advantages and disadvantages. Teigen, M. (2000). Kymlicka, W. (1993). Voet, R. (1992). 1. My examination of hearing transcripts from the 107th Congress indicates that minority legislators are more likely than white legislators to participate in racial-oversight hearings but not more likely than whites to participate in social welfare hearings. List of the Cons of Proportional Representation 1. systems than the old and traditional ones (Tawil, 2002). Classic descriptive statistics include mean, min, max, standard deviation, median, skew, kurtosis. : LOCAL DESCRIPTIVE REPRESENTATION, Do Gender Quotas Work? An innovative research tool, descriptive research is used by researchers as an opportunity to fuse both quantitative and qualitative data to reconstruct the what is of a topic. Democracy and the new separation of powers. Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. African Americans were routinely deprived of the opportunity to participate in democracy, and Hispanics and other minority groups were fairly insignificant in number and excluded by the states. Despite of this diversity the American communities have been marginalized since forever. The safest position would be to say that results are "mixed . Nothing bores me faster than description..
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