examples of socialization in school

In addition to the two dominant uniforms, Pomerantz (2008) noted that girls also described their styles as comfortable, sporty, goth, punk, alternative, dressy, classy, preppy, regular, casual, weird, skater, random, hip hop (p. 10) and various combinations. Increasing the homogeneity of ability within a classroom also promotes better classroom management (Barakett and Cleghorn 2008). 2007; Sokal 2010) or other English-speaking nations (see Allan 1993; Butler and Christensen 2003; Carrington and Skelton 2003; Carrington, Tymms, and Merrell 2008; Martin 2003). Students develop valuable knowledge and skills that will allow them to make informed decisions as they become independent citizens. Senior High English Language Arts; Program of Study. These behaviours, however, served only to reproduce their working-class membership. Benefits. Fraternities and sororities are elite student clubs at North The findings suggest that at-risk children may be socialized into a cycle of negative interactions with teachers, which may not only contribute to their future delinquency but also reduce their academic performance. What role does school climate play in student socialization? Brint (1998) notes that young children, for example, may be assigned reading material that warns of the consequences of not having such virtues. Until the 1990s, males had been outperforming females on standardized testing in most countries around the world. Other research has found that individuals belonging to the popular and jock crowds were more likely to engage in relational aggression (discussed below), while those in high-risk peer groups (the deviants) were more prone to greater physical and relational aggression in the future (Pokhrel et al. His teacher Raby (2005) and Pomerantz (2007) also suggest that dress codes are more likely to be enforced on more physically developed females or those who belong to stigmatized subgroups (e.g., Goths). Currie and Kelly (2006) observed that a common yet particularly severe form of name-calling that resulted in the most reputational damage was being called a slut, which results from perceived inappropriate interactions with or seeking attention from boys. As discussed above, the teacher becomes an important new figure of authority for young children when they first begin formal schooling. The delinquent behaviours are thought to merge a complex interaction of individual personal characteristics with properties of their environment and situations. Raby and Domitrek (2007) state that this kind of rule creation and enforcement creates a negative environment where teachers are involved in petty policing and frustrates students who would prefer to challenge the rules in more constructive ways than by breaking them. That streaming has a positive effect on the academic attainment of high-ability groups has been documented by Ansalone (2001, 2003), although these gains are arguably at the expense of students in the lower-ability tracks (Sweet et al. The goal of such acts is to damage others reputations and social standings within the peer group. The styles were adopted by girls largely based on race, with White girls sporting the Britney look and the Asian and Hispanic girls wearing JLo styles. There are various reasons that parents choose to home school their children. Feb 23 2011 at 2:33pm. As discussed later in this chapter, school rules and school codes of conduct are essential features of schools that frame behaviours in a manner such that they produce obedience to authority. Socialization is a twofold process occurring at both the social and individual levels that accomplish two main goals. The self-fulfilling prophecyis a term coined by sociologist Robert Merton in 1948 and refers to situations in which preconceived ideas about how someone will act cause that person to act in such a way, even if the belief about that person was initially incorrect.11 Riley and Ungerleider (2008) found that pre-service Canadian teachers rated the student records of those they were led to believe were Aboriginal less favourably compared to identical student records of those identified as non-Aboriginal, suggesting that teachers do alter their perceptions of students based on fixed characteristics. The rationale behind introducing school uniforms was that standardizing wardrobes would make it impossible for students to wear clothes reflecting gang affiliation and the presence of intruders within schools would be easier to identify as they would stand out in a sea of uniforms. The school is described as demo-cratic, as students have an active voice in their educational development. As noted earlier, at the core of these zones are school rules, to which we now turn. Students also learn their gender at school. They have good self-esteem and are likely to display fewer behavior problems than do other children. One resigned and the other did not have his contract renewed.2. School as an Agent of Socialization - 570 Words | Essay Example Wotherspoon and Schissel (2001) give an account of an alternative education program in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan called the Won Ska Cultural School. The second dimension of socialization is moral conformity, which refers to the process of a student internalizing the preferred understanding of what is right and wrong. In April 2010, it was announced that the teachers would no longer be employed at the high school. If students believe that their teacher has lower expectations of them, this can result in a self-fulfilling prophecy of low achievement. Socialization in the Schooling Process, 7. Critics (see Apple 2000) also object to the presentation of the public schooling system as a failure and argue that the home schooling movement, particularly the neo-conservative home schooling movement in the United States, serves to segment and divide the population, essentially creating more problems than it actually solves. Instead of passive citizens who are expected to follow rules handed down from positions of authority, students in these alternative schools are active citizens who participate in the democracy of the school structure. Such school environments have been found to breed delinquent behaviour and academic failure. From an early age until adulthood, school is a place where children spend a large portion of their daysand, indeed, their lives. They may be more socially mature and have better leadership skills than other children as well. In Chapter 4, for example, research by Willms (2008) was considered which argued that French immersion programs act as an informal streaming mechanism as French immersion students tend to be from significantly higher socio-economic backgrounds and less likely to have a learning disability. Socialization: Social institutions provide the structure within which individuals learn the norms and values of society. This type of socialization is accomplished through teachers emphasizing the desirability of certain virtues, such as hard work, equity, being nice, and so on. This finding points to important differences in provincial educational policies and practices with regard to streaming. Some explanations of this biological destiny are based on evolutionary theory (Geary 1996), hormonal differences (Kimura and Hampson 1994), and brain physiology (Baron-Cohen 2003), all suggesting that the basis of differential performance by sex was based on some feature of the brain that was unchangeable. Because reading is highly associated with overall academic achievement and later-life occupational attainment, this is a problem that has tremendous sociological implications. Many schools across North America have official codes of conduct to be followed by teachers and students. The series of courses a student should take that best matches his or her abilities and aptitudes; also known as tracking. The athletes consisted of jocks, members of sports teams, and cheerleaders. The reading scores of boys have been framed by many as a global moral panic (because of the attention the issue is receiving around the world) because there is a perception that outperformance by girls threatens the established gendered social order. Raby (2005) suggests that students in such environments are not learning how to be active participatory citizens in a democracy, but instead learning how to cope with rules that have been imposed upon them. American research has found that the home schooled tend to succeed when they attend university (Ray 2004) and were more likely to have at least some college education compared to the general American population. The Britney look consisted of tight jeans and midriff-baring tops, while the JLo look was characterized by figure-hugging velour track suits. If she shows too much of her body, males will become distracted (which is her fault). For example, schools teach children how to behave appropriately in society. Because each province in Canada handles its own curriculum, how streaming occurs in school varies greatly by jurisdiction. Gender stereotypes, however, do exist in perceived competence and ability in subjects, with girls consistently indicating less confidence in their ability in science and math (see Simpkins, Davis-Deane, and Eccles 2006 for an overview). Define peer victimization, peer rejection, and relational aggression. Socialization Research Paper The school rules, which must be followed by students, exist at the core. Pomerantz (2008) studied the school identities of girls at a high school on Vancouvers east side. What is the relationship between school rules and the socialization of students? Respondents did, however, report some negative aspects of home schooling, which included the social stigma attached to being home schooled, social challenges of not being around other children regularly, the limits of the curriculum covered in their schooling, and the challenges of integrating into classroom settings later in life.12, 6.3 Major Forces of Socialization within Schools. Research in Quebec has similarly found that when parents were asked why they home schooled, very rarely did they give reasons associated with religious or political beliefs (Brabant, Bourdon, and Jutras 2003). The core also consists of embedded practices, which are manners of behaving that are not explicit rules but routine practices within schools that appear to be very natural and taken for granted. Rules that students opposed were those that seemed pointless and arbitrary, particularly those around dress codes (Raby 2005). course sequence provides for the study of texts at a variety of different levels of sophistication, to meet the needs of a more diverse student population in terms of student aspirations and abilities, students who aspire to post-secondary education, but not necessarily to careers related to the English language arts, may register in this course sequence. WebFor example, a child whose parents value hard work may see a friends father sitting around watching television all day and begin to question the importance of work. Socialized delinquency is the violation of the law by individuals younger than 18 years that 2. Apple (2000) argues that home schoolers not only remove children from school, but also have gone so far as to isolate themselves into separate factions. The alternative peer groups found in most middle and secondary schools can also be thought of as a form of youth resistance. WebExamples of Socialization 1. WebLets examine some of the major theories of socialization, which are summarized in Table 4.1 Theory Snapshot. Davies and Aurini (2003) argue that Canadian parents who home schooled advocated for pedagogical individualismin other words, home schooling allowed them to cater to their childs individual learning styles and interestssomething that would not be possible in a classroom of 25 (or more) students. As noted by the authors of these studies, such findings also suggest that zero tolerance policies that result in the suspension of problem students may be doing additional damage as they serve to severely weaken the bond that a child has with his or her school (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). As well, bully victims are often targeted for being too smart (Fried 1997) or below average intelligence (Olweus 1978) and being of a lower socioeconomic background (Bernstein and Watson 1997). Next: Structural and Social Inequalities in Schooling, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Relationships broken at end of school year. Since 2007 in Ontario and 2005 in Alberta, character education has been part of the official curriculum in public schools. Raby (2005) further argues that school codes of conduct reflect middle-class, often White, and rather gendered values. The number of children who are home schooled is on the rise in Canada. Similar to peer victimized children, peer rejection may occur simply because a child is perceived as being different in some way from other members of the peer group. Schools can be protective factors in childrens socialization if the right conditions are met. In this chapter, however, the main focus is on how schools contribute to the socialization of children. Children, however, will now have other significant people in their lives from whom they will learn the skills of social interaction. The third dimension of socialization is cultural conformity. Failure to be accepted by peers can be devastating for children, especially when it is manifested in acts of peer victimization and peer rejection. Many children arrive at school with behavioural problems and emotional needs that are not met in the family environment. Box 6.4 Alternative Approaches to School Rules. Other research has suggested that cultural differences between childrens families and teachers result in the enforcement of zero tolerance policies for perceived minor infractions being viewed as excessive and impersonal by parents (Bernhard et al. In many provinces, courses in math, science, and English are divided into those that lead to post-secondary education options (e.g., university) and those that do not. Students who wish to attend university need to take a certain set of academic courses, for example. Public schools tend to focus more on the testing side of the education because that is where they obtain their funding and a child might be offered a chance to be introduced to diversity, whereas private school has more time and the means to explore socialization in many other forms like field trips and such. Other agents of socialization within the school were also discussed. For example, the government funds public schools, which play a key role in children's socialization. Individual subjects in school also have a tendency to be sex-stereotyped. As noted by Krahn and Taylor (2007), labour shortages in the area of skilled trades have also supported the arguments for streaming because such shortages point to a need for more vocational training opportunities in Canadian high schools, which of course are associated with the non-academic stream. 8. They tell us what to do, almost like whats right and whats wrong. 7 & 10(Accessed March 2012). School sports are another area that can cultivate gender stereotypes. Children who have negative relationships with teachers are also more likely to view school as an unpleasant place and be at a disadvantage in terms of learning. Socialization Examples 9. Characteristics of the school, teachers, and the peer group all influence the socialization of children within school settings. Home schooling advocates have argued that one reason might be that the school-based peer group is unnatural and that home schooling exposes young people to a wider variety of age groups, which makes them more socially mature (Smedley 1992). The inner ring is characterized by explicit moral instruction. First, it teaches members the skills necessary to satisfy basic human needs and to defend themselves against danger, thus ensuring that society itself will continue to exist. What is streaming? For example, if a child came from an absent family, or was put in a school or daycare when they were an infant or toddler, a school-like institution may influence primary socialization (Whitbeck, 1999). Homeschooled children have stronger relationships with their parents and No Way! In other words, boys need to be in places where traditional expressions of masculinities can be fostered and nurtured because the current organization of school does not allow this. Raby (2005, 2008) and Raby and Domitrek (2007) argue that the school is a place where young people are socialized, but that top-down rule making assumes passive citizenship where students are relatively powerless. Blair and Sanford (2004) found in their study of boys in an elementary school in Alberta that boys strongly preferred reading materials that they could talk about with their friends. 2007)depending on who is doing them. Therefore, social features of the school can serve to reverse delinquent behaviours. This may severely limit their future ability of getting admitted to post-secondary training that leads to higher paying jobs with high status (Krahn and Taylor 2001). Child victims also report having recurring memories of the abuse (Sharp 1995) and being afraid to seek help (Slee 1994; Smith and Myron- Wilson 1998). Such factors may include the ability of the student to control his or her own behaviour (Daniel and Bondy 2008). Streaming, as a way of dividing students into ability groupings, was described as creating internalized roles for students which may force them into social categories that are difficult to move out of. Canadian researchers have examined the meanness of girls in relation to their popularity (Currie and Kelly 2006; Currie, Kelly, and Pomerantz 2007). Schools are directly responsible for making people worthwhile in their respective societies. The media, in particular, have been quick to endorse a position that suggests that the main problem can be found in the ongoing feminization of schooling. Instead of occurring in the public sphere, girls resistance was contained to private spaces to avoid the risk of being criticized. In this instruction, children are taught desirable and undesirable virtues. 2010). The failure of children to be socially accepted by their peers. Canadian research has produced similar results to its American counterpart. What has changed, however, is the larger proportion of boys without male parents in the home. All of these examples require the student to self-regulate his or her bodys physical actions in ways that the child may not have had to do in a family setting. Verbal abuse by the teacher (which consisted of verbal humiliation, name-calling, and yelling) was also found to negatively impact on students academic achievement. However, as Greig (2003) points out, this approach assumes that all boys like a particular type of book and that there is a standardized masculine identity that should be cultivated. The socialization of students through the use of school rules, including dress codes and uniforms, was also addressed. Pomerantz argues that dress codes are not simply neutral school policies; they also impact on the creation of gender, sexuality, and race. Such factors include parental influence, lack of role models, and the lowered expectations of teachers. Their focus on fashion and popular music largely shaped the popular girls lives and friendships with one another, as well as their relationships with other peers inside and outside of the school. A child must develop skills that allow him or her to function socially, emotionally, and intellectually within the school environment. Sources: Manitoba Education www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/cur/parents/senior/math.html Reproduced with permission from Manitoba Education. Schools which have vague and inconsistently enforced rules and ambiguous responses to rule-breaking, teachers and administration who do not agree on rules, and students who do not believe that the rules are legitimate are typically associated with higher discipline problems and have a poor school climate (Welsh et al. But curriculum is just one aspect. As noted by Wentzel and Looney (2006), there are several different social realities to which a child must adapt: In addition to learning different behaviours that are appropriate for school, there are also structural features of school to which children must adapt. Look on the internet for official curriculum documents about moral education in Canada. A significant part of a teachers job is to evaluate students and, often, to decide if a student is best suited for a particular ability track. Teacher education suggests that tailoring into ability groups allows for teachers to best match the learning needs of students. Warm and supportive teachers and a positive school climate are crucial for the positive social development of children, and the absence of such can have long-term detrimental effects on students, particularly if they have family problems. And they appear to be functioning effectively as members of adult society (p. 119). Socialization Martino and Kehler (2006, 2007) have argued that such demands for male teachers to fix the problem of boys underachievement is actually a subtle ploy to re-traditionalize schools using a strategy of normalizing hegemonic masculinities (discussed in Chapter 2). These goals (e.g., learning to share, participating in lessons, working in groups), when embraced, also serve to integrate the child into social groups at school. Stanley Cohen (1972) coined the term moral panic to refer to the social phenomenon of mass attention being given to topics that appear to threaten the established social order. In 2001, the Ontario Ministry of Education instituted the Safe Schools Act, which was designed to address violence and behavioural problems in schools. Schools socialize children by teaching them their formal curricula but also a hidden curriculum that imparts the cultural values of the society in which the schools are found. One of these values is the need to respect authority, as evidenced by these children standing in line. Other researchers have found that school sports coaches create conformity among their players by using misogynistic and homophobic comments to criticize players (Schissel 2000), further contributing to stereotypes about what is considered appropriate male behaviour. This difference may be due to ethnic group membership, disability, physical attractiveness, or being a newcomer to the classroom (Asher et al. Bully victims often report experiencing headaches, extreme sadness, insomnia, stomachaches, and suicidal thoughts (Kaltiala-Heino, Rimpel, Marttunen, Rimpel, and Rantanen 1999). Both male and female skaters also widely rejected the values associated with the popular crowd. Young people are more likely to agree with rules that they accept as offering them protection. Children that act in an aggressive or disruptive manner account for about one-third of children rejected by their peers (Crick and Dodge 1996). A major objective of socialization in the school setting is to make a child socially competent. Elites were regarded as having high status, and members were generally successful in extracurricular activities and academics. Young people tend to build their social identities around specific peer groups, particularly in adolescence. Such findings have resulted in mixed reactions. Opponents of streaming note that those from disadvantaged and working-class backgrounds are disproportionately found in the vocational stream (Cheung 2007; Davies and Guppy 2006). Sex-typing of childrens play (e.g., specific activities for boys and others for girls) can also contribute to reinforcing gender differences in behaviour and the understanding that children have about the appropriate roles for males and females. Many codes of conduct in Canadian schools specify attire that is deemed unacceptable for wearing to school. Favourable school climates are characterized by non-arbitrary rule enforcement, rewarding of appropriate behaviour, and positive interactions between students and teachers (Reinke and Herman 2002). An analysis of the relationship between character and citizenship education revealed that the overarching message was to promote assimilation into Canadian society (Winton 2007).4. Moral education and character education are even found in some provinces curricula (Box 6.1). As well, much flexibility exists in the structure and content of courses as they are shaped by student interest. (2007), many social identity groups among peers are still strongly associated with socioeconomic background (i.e., the popular kids and jocks often come from the higher social classes, while the deviants come from the lower social classes). Streaming not only serves to increase the efficiency of teaching and classroom management, but also results in social groupings of students that have significant social meaning within and outside of the school. Developmental socialization This type of socialization involves a learning process wherein the focus in on developing our social skills. Subject options are often streamed into applied or academic streams. How do the Curricula of Different Provinces Compare on Controversial Subjects? Charter schools (Chapter 4) can also be thought of as streaming children, but of instead of streaming them into ability groups, they are streamed into particular philosophical or religious orientations. One final agent of socialization is religion, discussed further in The names given to peer groups usually correspond greatly to their style of dress (particularly in the case of girls) and tastes in leisure activities. Other research using the same Canadian data sources has also found that a strong school bond, or commitment to ones school and education, is associated with protecting children from the influence of delinquent peers and reducing early aggression in young students (Sprott, Jenkins, and Doob 2005). The home schooled also tended to attach a great deal more importance to religious beliefs than the comparable population. Want to create or adapt books like this? The same study of over 7000 American adults who had been home schooled also found a much greater rate of civic participation among the home schooled than in the general population. It has been found that peer abuse results in low self-esteem and depression (Boulton and Underwood 1993; Rigby and Slee 1995; Salmon and James 1998; Slee 1995; Smith and Myron-Wilson 1998), feelings of insecurity (Slee 1995), anxiety (Slee 1994), and social withdrawal (McCarthy 1997). You can help your child work on Peer-rejected children often display social skills that make them undesirable playmates and friends to other children. Such outcomes suggest that the home schooled adults who answered the survey did not suffer from barriers due to socialization problems. Since the 1990s, however, this has reversed, with girls getting the higher scores, particularly in reading. Socialization 101: Definition, Agents, and Examples of Socializing As discussed in Chapter 2, while policymakers have made recent attempts to mix the vocational and academic trajectories together in high school in order to make them more comparable, students expressed that, based upon the feedback they received from teachers, academic trajectories were preferred and that vocational paths were stigmatized (Taylor 2010). Willis (1977; see Chapter 2) argued that working-class boys resisted the values and behaviours promoted in the school environment by acting in deviant ways: by fighting and skipping class. Methods of socialization includes affective methods, operant methods, observational methods, cognitive methods, sociocultural methods, and apprenticeship See Box 6.3 for further discussion about zero tolerance policies in Canada. of socialization Students may have to stand in orderly lines in order to have a drink of water. 2007). What are peer groups and what does social identity mean? It was emphasized that children have to learn how to be students and that the teacher is largely in charge of not only subject-specific education, but also the teaching of morals and values. (Ontario Ministry of Education 2004) and Me Read? For example, we learn the importance of obeying authority and While school uniforms are standard attire in the United Kingdom, they have not been adopted in most North American schools until relatively recently. As well, previous research has shown that, like bully victims, rejected children report being lonely (Asher, Hymel, and Renshaw 1984) and are more likely to be depressed (Vosk, Forehand, Parker, and Rickard 1982) than integrated peers. Internationally, girls have also been achieving higher standardized reading scores than males since the 1990s (see Box 6.5 for discussion). Research in Canada suggests that non-White students perceive that school rules are unequally enforced (MacDonell and Martin 1986; Ruck and Wortley 2002). Canadian researchers have found that verbal abuse by teachers in early childhood can have impacts on children not only during childhood and adolescence, but also into adulthood. The deviants category encapsulated a very diverse collection of peer groups including burnouts, stoners, skaters, rebels, punks, partiers, and various alternative groups (including those defined by sexual orientation). Teachers, however, shape the socialization of students by other processes as well, which are discussed below. What kinds of topics do they discuss on their websites? As Table 6.1 illustrates, there are many new things for children to get used to in the school setting.

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