seven states of italy before unification

He is famous for the novel The Betrothed (orig. The document was generally liberal and was welcomed by liberal elements. Parts of the north of Italy remained a part of the Holy Roman Empire.[4][5][6]. In his L'italiana in Algeri (The Italian Girl in Algiers), Gioachino Rossini expressed his support to the unification of Italy; the patriotic line Pensa alla patria, e intrepido il tuo dover adempi: vedi per tutta Italia rinascere gli esempi dardir e di valor ("Think about the fatherland and intrepid do your duty: see for all Italy the birth of the examples of courage and value") was censored in the Kingdom of Two Sicilies. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. The Sardinian army, however, could only arrive by traversing the Papal States, which extended across the entire center of the peninsula. Furthermore, Mazzini and many other nationalists found inspiration in musical discourses.[110]. Answer: (d) Unification of Italy since it was divided into various states. Following the fall of the Western Roman Empire and the arrival of the Middle Ages (in particular from the 11th century), the Italian peninsula was divided into numerous states, many of these states consolidated into major political units that balanced the power on the Italian peninsula: the Papal States, the Venetian . [118] Likewise Roger Parker argues that the political dimension of Verdi's operas was exaggerated by nationalistic historians looking for a hero in the late 19th century.[119]. [55], Thus, by early 1860, only five states remained in Italythe Austrians in Venetia, the Papal States (now minus the Legations), the new expanded Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and San Marino.[58][59][60]. The Italian Partisan Republics were the provisional state entities liberated by Italian partisans from the rule and occupation of Nazi Germany and the Italian Social Republic in 1944 during the Second World War. The settlement, by which Lombardy was annexed to Sardinia, left Austria in control of Venice. Ugo Foscolo describes in his works the passion and love for the fatherland and the glorious history of the Italian people; these two concepts are respectively well expressed in two masterpieces, The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis and Dei Sepolcri. On 22 October 1867, the revolutionaries inside Rome seized control of the Capitoline Hill and of Piazza Colonna. If he let Garibaldi have his way, Garibaldi would likely end the temporal sovereignty of the Pope and make Rome the capital of Italy. This was because neither France, Austria, nor Sardinia wanted to risk another battle and could not handle further fighting. This more expansive definition of the unification period is the one presented at the Central Museum of the Risorgimento at the Vittoriano.[3][4]. Giovanni Berchet wrote a poetry characterized by a high moral, popular and social content; he also contributed to Il Conciliatore, a progressive bi-weekly scientific and literary journal, influential in the early Risorgimento that was published in Milan from September 1818 until October 1819 when it was closed by the Austrian censors; its writers included also Ludovico di Breme, Giuseppe Nicolini, and Silvio Pellico. On 18 February 1861, Victor Emmanuel assembled the deputies of the first Italian Parliament in Turin. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. By this time, the French had reinforced the Sardinians, so the Austrians retreated. The Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars destroyed the old structures of feudalism in Italy and introduced modern ideas and efficient legal authority; it provided much of the intellectual force and social capital that fueled unification movements for decades after it collapsed in 1814.[8]. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The final push for Italian unification came in 1859, led by the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia (then the wealthiest and most liberal of the Italian states), and orchestrated by Piedmont-Sardinia's Prime Minister, Count Camillo di Cavour. Louis-Philippe withheld any military help and even arrested Italian patriots living in France. The Pope was to expand his own army during that time so as to be self-sufficient. The revolutionaries, though, failed to court popular support and fell to Austrian troops of the Holy Alliance. He was prepared to live and die for it. Within the context of Italian unification, the Austro-Prussian war is called the Third Independence War, after the First (1848) and the Second (1859). The States of South Italy were placed under the Bourbon kings of Spain. The five major city-states: Milan, Florence, Venice, Naples, and the Papal States will be explained in detail. Was the Italian peninsula divided into States? Whilst the lower peninsula of what is now known as Italy was known is the Peninsula Italia as long ago as the first Romans (people from the City of Rome) as long about as 1,000 BCE the name only referred to the land mass not the people. [54] Fifteen Nice people who participated in the rebellion were tried and sentenced. A detachment of gendarmes and volunteers were sent against them, and after a short fight, the whole band was taken prisoner and escorted to Cosenza, where a number of Calabrians who had taken part in a previous rising were also under arrest. In 1867, Garibaldi led an army of volunteers to Rome to fight the last obstacle to the unification of Italy, the papal States, which became part of Italy in 1870 when France withdrew its troops from Rome. Tragically for the Bandiera brothers, they did not find the insurgent band they were told awaited them, so they moved towards La Sila. In particular, the chorus of the Hebrew slaves (known as "Va, pensiero") from the third act of the opera Nabucco was intended to be an anthem for Italian patriots, who were seeking to unify their country and free it from foreign control in the years up to 1861 (the chorus's theme of exiles singing about their homeland, and its lines such as O mia patria, si bella e perduta "O my country, so lovely and so lost" were thought to have resonated with many Italians). Although now convinced of his unavoidable defeat, Pius IX remained intransigent to the bitter end and forced his troops to put up a token resistance. U.S. Legation to the Kingdom of Italy moves to Florence and then Rome, 1865-71 . However, on 8 April, Italy and Prussia signed an agreement that supported Italy's acquisition of Venetia, and on 20 June Italy issued a declaration of war on Austria. Following his release in 1831, he went to Marseille in France, where he organized a new political society called La Giovine Italia (Young Italy), whose mottos were "Dio e Popolo" (God and People) and "Unione, Forza e Libert" (Union, Strength and Freedom),[28][29] which sought the unification of Italy. You are all a set of vipers, of whited sepulchres, and wanting in faith." His small force landed on the island of Ponza. An Austrian army under Marshal Josef Radetzky besieged Milan, but due to the defection of many of his troops and the support of the Milanese for the revolt, they were forced to retreat. several times towards the Austrian officers at the opera house. 1. A skilled diplomat, Cavour secured an alliance with France. Nitti contended that this change should have been much more gradual in order to allow the birth of an adequate entrepreneurial class able to make strong investments and initiatives in the south. for Class 10 2023 is part of Class 10 preparation. Peninsula Italia This map represents Italy after its unification under the rule of King Victor Emmanuel II in 1861, known as the Kingdom of Italy. The results of this plebiscite were accepted by decree of 9 October. ", Axel Krner, "Opera and nation in nineteenthcentury Italy: conceptual and methodological approaches. (b) A mission to educated the Youth of Italy. It fell after a battle with a French army that was helping the pope re-establish Rome for the Pope. "The Italian Unification or Italian Risorgimento is known as the chain of political and military events that produced a united Italian peninsula under the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. Jessica Elder. Victor Emmanuel III had been king since 1900. These separate countries seemed to share a common culture and language. They were universally short-lived, with most of them being reconquered by the Wehrmacht within weeks of their formal establishments and re-incorporated into the Italian Social Republic. Shortly after this, revolts began on the island of Sicily and in Naples. Vincenzo Bellini was a secret member of the Carbonari and in his masterpiece I puritani (The Puritans), the last part of Act 2 is an allegory to Italian unification. Pius IX allowed violent outbursts to escape him. Having conquered Sicily, Garibaldi proceeded to the mainland, crossing the Strait of Messina with the Neapolitan fleet at hand. the Italy was divided in seven states Explanation: names of the states are as follow 1. Out of seven states, only one state was ruled by an Italian princely house i.e. Pizzo says Verdi was part of this movement, for his operas were inspired by the love of country, the struggle for Italian independence, and speak to the sacrifice of patriots and exiles. The national capital was briefly moved to Florence and finally to Rome, one of the cases of Piedmont losing out. Italy, before its unification, was divided into seven states: Sardinia-Piedmont, ruled by an Italian princely house; Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; Papal . This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The Unification of Italy was a political and social movement in the nineteenth century that resulted in the Unification of the many republics of the Italian Peninsula into a single entity known as the Kingdom of Italy. Many leaders of the unification movement were at one time or other members of this organization. [52] Because of this denial, between 1871 and 1872 there were riots in Nice, promoted by the Garibaldini and called "Niard Vespers",[53] which demanded the annexation of the city and its area to Italy. Hayez's three paintings on the Sicilian Vespers are an implicit protest against the foreign domination of Italy. There is contention on its actual impact in Italy, some Scholars arguing it was a liberalizing time for 19th century Italian culture, while others speculate that although it was a patriotic revolution, it only tangibly aided the upper-class and bourgeois publics without actively benefitting the lower classes. For this reason, historians sometimes describe the unification period as continuing past 1871, including activities during the late 19th century and the First World War (19151918), and reaching completion only with the Armistice of Villa Giusti on 4 November 1918. Victor Emmanuel was wary of the international repercussions of attacking the Papal States, and discouraged his subjects from participating in revolutionary ventures with such intentions.[65]. Italy was divided into seven states over the middle of the 19th century. Nonetheless, ragtag groups of Neapolitans loyal to Francis fought on against the Italian government for years to come. There are other movies set in this period: Italy in 1860: orange Kingdom of Sardinia, blue Kingdom of LombardyVenetia (Austrian Empire), pink United Provinces of Central Italy, red Papal States, pale green Kingdom of Two Sicilies. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. The Gallic forests) in Act 2, the Italians began to greet the chorus with loud applause and to yell the word "War!" [32] The exiles were deeply immersed in European ideas, and often hammered away at what Europeans saw as Italian vices, especially effeminacy and indolence. The new constitution was Piedmont's old constitution. Terms & Conditions! Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. It was last seen in British general knowledge crossword. Comments. Within a week, its citadel surrendered. Sardinia-Piedmont. With Palermo deemed insurgent, Neapolitan general Ferdinando Lanza, arriving in Sicily with some 25,000 troops, furiously bombarded Palermo nearly to ruins. [35], The leader of the 1821 revolutionary movement in Piedmont was Santorre di Santarosa, who wanted to remove the Austrians and unify Italy under the House of Savoy. Conditions of Italy before unification : (i) Political fragmentation. These wars devastated Italy and further shattered the peninsula into disunion. On 6 May 1860, Garibaldi and his cadre of about a thousand Italian volunteers (called I Mille), steamed from Quarto near Genoa, and, after a stop in Talamone on 11 May, landed near Marsala on the west coast of Sicily. The Italian Army reached the Aurelian Walls on 19 September and placed Rome under a state of siege. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The Italian government took no direct action until the collapse of the Second French Empire at the Battle of Sedan. All the different states had different traditions, languages and levels of economic and social development. Its main object was to create among the Italians the spirit of self-sacrifice to die for the sake of their country. There were the maritime states of Venice, Genoa, and Pisastates that reaped huge economic advantage from the adventures of the Crusades and from the geographical position of the Italian peninsula itself. school cross country distances australia; door glass insert with blinds between glass; craigslist revelstoke rentals; examples of female athletes being sexualized Revisionists revisit the Mezzogiorno. Garibaldi was taken by steamer to Varignano, where he was honorably imprisoned for a time, but finally released. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. In early August, the French Emperor Napoleon III recalled his garrison from Rome, thus no longer providing protection to the Papal State. Central Italy was governed by the Pope as a temporal kingdom known as the Papal States. In the meantime, Giuseppe Garibaldi, a native of Nice, was deeply resentful of the French annexation of his home city. 'Resurgence'), was the 19th-century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single state in 1861, the Kingdom of Italy. For 700 years, it was a de facto territorial extension of the capital of the Roman Republic and Empire, and for a long time experienced a privileged status but was not converted into a province. Nonetheless, Garibaldi believed that the government would support him if he attacked Rome. Addition of Venetia, 1866. [10][11] This event is celebrated by the Tricolour Day. The survivors retreated to the positions of those led by Garibaldi on the Italian border. What are various methods available for deploying a Windows application? The Gonzaga in Mantua, the Este in Modena and Ferrara and the Farnese in Parma and Piacenza continued to be important dynasties. The Carboneria movement spread across Italy. He hoped to use his supporters to regain the territory. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Irredentists took language as the test of the alleged Italian nationality of the countries they proposed to emancipate, which were Trentino, Trieste, Dalmatia, Istria, Gorizia, Ticino, Nice (Nizza), Corsica, and Malta. "[81] Cavour died unexpectedly in June 1861, at 50, and most of the many promises that he made to regional authorities to induce them to join the newly unified Italian kingdom were ignored. He was a modernizer interested in agrarian improvements, banks, railways and free trade. What were the 7 states of Italy before unification? The mourning Italia turrita on the tomb to Vittorio Alfieri is one of the main works of Risorgimento by Canova. Naples 7. [105], In art, this period was characterised by the Neoclassicism that draws inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome. The war ended with a treaty signed on 9 August. Many Italians remained outside the borders of the Kingdom of Italy and this situation created the Italian irredentism. In October 1820, Pellico and Maroncelli were arrested on the charge of carbonarism and imprisoned. In sharp contrast to his hypothetical expectations, there was no local uprising and the invaders were quickly overpowered. The Duke of Modena abandoned his Carbonari supporters, arrested Menotti and other conspirators in 1831, and once again conquered his duchy with help from the Austrian troops. People were appointed to the upper house of the National Assembly but the lower house was elected by universal adult male suffrage. Four days later they landed near Crotone, intending to go to Cosenza, liberate the political prisoners, and issue their proclamations. Far from supporting this endeavour, the Italian government was quite disapproving. The chief purpose was to defeat tyranny and to establish constitutional government. Garibaldi distrusted the pragmatic Cavour since Cavour was the man ultimately responsible for orchestrating the French annexation of the city of Nice, which was his birthplace. These negative stereotypes emerged from Enlightenment notions of national character that stressed the influence of the environment and history on a people's moral predisposition. As Napoleon's reign began to fail, the rulers he had installed tried to keep their thrones (among them Eugne de Beauharnais, viceroy of Italy, and Joachim Murat, king of Naples) further feeding nationalistic sentiments. [86], The dominance of letters sent from the Northern Italian correspondents that deemed Southern Italy to be "so far from the ideas of progress and civilization" ultimately induced the Piedmontese parliament to choose the latter course of action, which effectively illustrated the intimate connection between representation and rule. Military weakness was glaring, as the small Italian states were completely outmatched by France and Austria. Some of the more important city-states included Florence, Milan, Venice, Naples, and Rome. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. The film depicts his reaction to the Risorgimento, and his vain attempts to retain his social standing. On 14 May Garibaldi proclaimed himself dictator of Sicily, in the name of Victor Emmanuel. An armistice was agreed to, and Radetzky regained control of all of Lombardy-Venetia save Venice itself, where the Republic of San Marco was proclaimed under Daniele Manin. He was quickly defeated by Radetzky at Novara on 23 March 1849. (pic credit: Google Images; Kingdom of Lombard-Venetia was one) These 7 states were:- Piedmont-Sardinia Lombardy-Venetia/Venice Parma Modena Tuscany Vittorio Alfieri, was the founder of a new school in the Italian drama, expressed in several occasions his suffering about the foreign domination's tyranny. On 9 October, Victor Emmanuel arrived and took command. The unification of Germany into a politically and administratively integrated nation state officially occurred on 18 January 1871 when Bismarck brought all territory under Prussian control and crowning Wilhelm I Kaiser of Germany. However, its anticlerical provisions were resented in the pro-clerical regions in places such as around Venice, Rome, and Naples as well as the island of Sicily. The closest Italy ever came to unification before it actually happened was in 1848 in light of the prospering French revolution of 1848. Sardinia handed Savoy and Nice over to France at the Treaty of Turin, a decision that was the consequence of the Plombires Agreement, on 24 March 1860, an event that caused the Niard exodus, which was the emigration of a quarter of the Niard Italians to Italy. The group had embarked in Terni and floated down the Tiber. Like Germany, Italy also has a long history of division. But his father's tyranny had inspired many secret societies, and the kingdom's Swiss mercenaries were unexpectedly recalled home under the terms of a new Swiss law that forbade Swiss citizens to serve as mercenaries. Modena 3. About 200 meters to the right from the Terrazza del Pincio, there is a bronze monument of Giovanni holding the dying Enrico in his arm. Under the terms of a peace treaty signed in Vienna on 12 October, Emperor Franz Joseph had already agreed to cede Venetia to Napoleon III in exchange for non-intervention in the Austro-Prussian War, and thus Napoleon ceded Venetia to Italy on 19 October, in exchange for the earlier Italian acquiescence to the French annexation of Savoy and Nice. Italy, before its unification, was divided into seven states: Sardinia-Piedmont, ruled by an Italian princely house; Kingdom of the Two Sicilies; Papal state; Lombardy and Venetia, ruled by Austrians; Tuscany, Modena and Parma. During the post-unification era, some Italians were dissatisfied with the current state of the Italian Kingdom since they wanted the kingdom to include Trieste, Istria, and other adjacent territories as well. Italy was divided into seven states over the middle of the 19th century. [111], The relationship between Gaetano Donizetti and the Risorgimento is still controversial. There were obstacles, however. Who is known as theRead More Published by at January 31, 2022. ", Franco DellaPeruta, "Verdi e il Risorgimento,", Marco Pizzo, "Verdi, Musica e Risorgimento,", privileged status but was not converted into a province, Italian campaigns of the French Revolutionary Wars, Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian states, Kingdom of LombardyVenetia (Austrian Empire), "Museo Centrale del Risorgimento di Roma", "Carbonaro definition of Carbonaro by The Free Dictionary", "Costituzione della Repubblica Romana (1849)", "Costituzione della Repubblica Romana, 1849", "I Vespri Nizzardi del 1871: conferenza storica e annullo speciale", "Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian revolutionary)", "Spedizione Dei Mille nell'Enciclopedia Treccani", "Regno Delle Due Sicilie nell'Enciclopedia Treccani", "Battle of Lissa Third Italian War Battle of Lissa", "The Austro-Prussian War and Third War of Italian Unification (1866)", "Massimo D Azeglio nell'Enciclopedia Treccani", "Il 1861 e le quattro Guerre per l'Indipendenza (18481918)", "La Grande Guerra nei manifesti italiani dell'epoca", "Irredentismo in "Enciclopedia Italiana" Treccani", "La Repubblica italiana | Treccani, il portale del sapere", "Le celebrazioni del Risorgimento della Provincia di Roma", "Exquisite 19th-Century Sculpture Cloaked in a 'Translucent' Marble Veil", "Risorgimento Pensiero e cultura 1848", "Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti and the Risorgimento", "Modern History Sourcebook: Music and Nationalism", "Le due anime del processo di unificazione nazionale: Risorgimento e Controrisorgimento. Encouraged by the declaration, revolutionaries in the region began to organize. It comprises the boot-shaped peninsula extending far into the Mediterranean Sea as well as Sicily, Sardinia, and a number of smaller islands. Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus Senator, "Peace of Cateau-Cambrsis | European history", Journal of the Private Life and Conversations of the Emperor, Vol. [36], In Milan, Silvio Pellico and Pietro Maroncelli organized several attempts to weaken the hold of the Austrian despotism by indirect educational means. Giu 1, 2022. koi footwear review reddit. On 23 February 1848, King Louis Philippe of France was forced to flee Paris, and a republic was proclaimed. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. As a result of this France received Nice and Savoy in 1860. During the Renaissance, Italy was a collection of city-states, each with its own rulerthe Pope in Rome, the Medici family in Florence, the Doge in Venice, the Sforza family in Milan, the Este family in Ferrara, etc. [50], Sardinia annexed Lombardy from Austria; it later occupied and annexed the United Provinces of Central Italy, consisting of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, the Duchy of Parma, the Duchy of Modena and Reggio and the Papal Legations on 22 March 1860. In the Constitution of the Roman Republic,[45] religious freedom was guaranteed by article 7, the independence of the pope as head of the Catholic Church was guaranteed by article 8 of the Principi fondamentali, while the death penalty was abolished by article 5, and free public education was provided by article 8 of the Titolo I. (c) A mission to hold elections in Italy for the first time (d) Unification of Italy since it was divided into various states. before unification. The Papacy, however, exhibited something less than enthusiasm for the plan: The Pope's reception of San Martino (10 September 1870) was unfriendly. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. The unification of Italy was started in 1815 in Vienna and 1871, Rome became the new capital of Italy then the total process of unification was completed. The southern regions of Naples and Sicily were under the domination of Bourbon kings of Spain. These rebellions were easily suppressed by loyal troops. In Central Italy, the States of Parma, Modena and Duseany went under rulers, who were the kinsmen of Metternich and the worst enemies of Italian unification. During the middle of the nineteenth century, Italy was divided into seven . Italian: I Promessi Sposi) (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature. Verdi later became disillusioned by politics, but he was personally active part in the political world of events of the Risorgimento and was elected to the first Italian parliament in 1861. The largest Italian state, the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with its 8 million inhabitants, seemed aloof and indifferent: Sicily and Naples had once formed part of Spain, and it had always been foreign to the rest of Italy. 58,983,000. [113] Beginning in Naples in 1859 and spreading throughout Italy, the slogan "Viva VERDI" was used as an acronym for Viva Vittorio Emanuele Re D'Italia (Viva Victor Emmanuel King of Italy), referring to Victor Emmanuel II.[114][115]. [12] The Italian national colours appeared for the first time on a tricolour cockade in 1789,[13] anticipating by seven years the first green, white and red Italian military war flag, which was adopted by the Lombard Legion in 1796.[14]. A breakaway republican provisional government formed in Tuscany during February shortly after this concession. The Italian army encountered the Austrians at Custoza on 24 June and suffered a defeat. What were the states of Italy before unification? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. After, growing calmer, he exclaimed: "I am no prophet, nor son of a prophet, but I tell you, you will never enter Rome!" Cavour, terrified of Garibaldi provoking a war with France, persuaded Garibaldi to instead use his forces in the Sicilian rebellions. Italy was again controlled largely by the Austrian Empire and the Habsburgs,[15] as they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of Italy and were, together, the most powerful force against unification. Leading Renaissance Italian writers Dante, Petrarch, Boccaccio, Machiavelli and Guicciardini expressed opposition to foreign domination. Rao, Anna Maria. After the Wars of Succession of the 18th century, Republic of the Enza Valley and the Parma Valley, Republic of the Maira Valley and the Varaita Valley, "End of Europe's Middle Ages - Italy's City-States". Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. These also retreated in the evening to Rome. This Italian irredentism succeeded in World War I with the annexation of Trieste and Trento, with the respective territories of Julian March and Trentino-Alto Adige. The process began in 1815, with the Congress of Vienna acting as a detonator, and was completed in 1871 when Rome became the capital. The rest ie, the Northern states, Central states and Southern states were under the Austrian Habsburg Empire, Pope and Spanish Bourbon family of kings respectively. 0 . ", Maurizio Isabella, "Aristocratic Liberalism and Risorgimento: Cesare Balbo and Piedmontese Political Thought after 1848. Though contributing some service to the cause of Italian unity, historians such as Cornelia Shiver doubt that their achievements were proportional to their pretensions. The first king was Victor Emmanuel II, who kept his old title. Throwing the King's letter upon the table he exclaimed, "Fine loyalty! Austria had an army of 140,000 men, while the Sardinians had a mere 70,000 men by comparison. Italy was unified by the Roman Republic in the latter part of the third century BC. how long does crab paste last; is gavin hardcastle married; cut myself shaving down there won't stop bleeding Six weeks after the surrender of Palermo, Garibaldi attacked Messina. The United States officially recognized the Kingdom of Italy when it accepted the credentials of Chevalier Joseph Bertinatti as Minister Plenipotentiary of the Kingdom of Italy on April 11, 1861.

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