[32] Aye argues that the Efik could not have taken the royal emblem of the Uruan people as they would have already had their own royal emblem. Speaking at the ceremony, the head of Ekpe of Afap village, Seseku Daniel Laluh said with Prof Ayuk's commitment in the village, the Ekpe society thought it necessary to confer him the Seseku. [51] The Enwang people moved to the present site of Henshaw town.[51]. The remains will then be taken to Kepelle Village in Cameroon for burial after that. These Ngolo created the Ekpe society and invented the Nsibidi writing system in Usakadet (Isangele). NSUWorks - Nova Southeastern University Institutional Repository Laws were passed to halt several practices regarded as unchristian. James Beale Horton made a similar assertion in 1868 where he asserted that all the communities of the Niger-delta are traced to the Igbo. LEFT Omabe Eze sewing an ukara, Ezillo, southeastern Nigeria. In the case of the latter, in the heat of the confusion, villagers would be kidnapped and sent to Calabar were they were sold. As a child, Sunjata at first looks unpromising because: In one of the most dramatic episodes in the Sunjata Epic, Sunjata first begins to demonstrate his extraordinary abilities when he: avenges an insult to his mother by uprooting a tree and placing it in front of her house. [36] According to Aye, "Ikpa Ene could not carry the bulk of Iboku population, Ndodoghi had to accommodate what spilt over, and the two settlements, still under one rule, were separated by the left branch of the river which became their "inland sea". In a Somali tale, the main character, Eghal Shillet, is: a braggart and coward who finds every possible excuse to avoid going into battle. It became a truly multi-group society, finding its' way to almost all groups in the region and gaining dominance in . The area from which the Sunjata Epic comes was historically: the geographical location of the great medieval African kingdoms - Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Her behavior at the board meeting was obsequious\mathit{obsequious}obsequious; for example, she actually offered to wash the company president's car! Goldie describes Eburutu as a country that consists of various ethnic groups. [6][7], The name Efik first appears in historical literature in the nineteenth century. For a better experience, please enable JavaScript in your browser before proceeding. Modern Efik society is a melting pot of people of diverse origin. In the traditional Soninke tale of "Gasire's Lute", the son of the king contributes tragically to the fall of his kingdom when he: becomes too impatient to become king himself, gets his own sons killed in battle, becomes a poet-bard rather than wait to become king, causes his own people to rebel against his desire to keep fighting. One theory propounded by Okon and Nkpanam Ekereke asserts that the term "Efuk" was a word of defiance and an expression used by the Ibibio man when in a fit of rage. The doomsday cult is a sinister transnational cult that has paved its way from the west and Asian world into some African countries including Uganda and South Africa. And it's a symbol in both. The history of the Efik is one of the most documented in subsaharan Africa. Social importance is attached to the highest ranks of Ekpe-men, called the Amama. This exhibition, on view from April 18 to August 2, was organized by the Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, and generously supported by the William B. Jaffe and Evelyn A. Due to the peregrinations of Efik traders across the lower Cross River region, The Efik language was regarded as the language of commerce in the Cross river region. of Bamum, of Cameroon in his kingly attire seated on the throne with his chiefs flanked round him (Plate 2). The Ekpe-men are ranked in seven or nine grades, for promotion to each of which fresh initiation ceremonies, fees and oaths are necessary.[1]. To cast light on African perspectives, and on the point of view of enslaved men and women, this group of top Africanist scholars has examined both conventional historical sources (e.g., European. Okoho Efiom bore the twins at Nsutana and raised them up for years. Historians recognize the advent and rapid rise of Ekpe as a direct result of a need for a new and effective mechanism of sociopolitical control in the complex economic environment created by the Atlantic slave trade. [54] The name "Agbisherea" (also known as Egbosherry) appended in the names of the two kings listed by Barbot, was the name of the country, on the coast of which they traded from. After the decline of the slave trade, the Efik transitioned into the business of exporting palm oil from the Cross river. [82] The Portuguese are said to have arrived in masted ships. Define monsoon, Sanskrit, raja, caste system, caste, Hinduism, reincarnation, karma, dharma, yoga, Buddhism, ascetic, nirvana. There are said to be at least three mass migration from Ndodoghi. a Mande tradition based on orally transmitted history. We are about loving, encouraging, embracing, teaching, and building with black people. Aye provides the following names among these priest-kings including Ema Atai Iboku, Ekpe Atai Iboku, Ukpong Atai Iboku. [67] Communities within the Calabar metropolis such as Efut, Kiong and Qua also speak and understand the Efik language. In part because of their appropriation, exclusive use, and understanding of nsibidi, Ekpe members in the pre-colonial past were thought to have access to the spiritual realm and were, therefore, empowered to make and enforce societal rules and norms. The Ogboni is a fraternity indigenous to Nigeria, Benin and Togo. The cult members are usually violent and self-destructive to the point of committing suicide. Meat and fish are the major sources of protein in Efik cuisines. ,sister Watz. [73] The Efik native cow (English: Ena Efk) was regarded with some amount of reverence and was mainly killed on rare occasions such as the festival for the installation of a new priest king. Ekpe members request nsibidi designs of personal or communal significance. [49] The Enwang are believed to have ruled Atakpa for a number of years. [59] Ekpe is first mentioned in the historical literature of Old Calabar in the 1770s. [6] The most popular historical accounts of Efik migration attest a movement from Ibom in Arochukwu to Uruan and from Uruan to numerous settlements along the lower Cross river. [52] The breach of agreement to halt such practices was punished by blowing Ekpe on Obutong and forbidding funeral rites of the chief until the murderers were brought to justice. Among these missionaries were Rev. Also i want bomb and shell. [14], The name "Efik" translates to "Oppressors" and is derived from the Efik-Ibibio verb root "Fik" (English: Oppress). Colonial Anthropologist M.D.W. Although used exclusively by members of Ekpe, ukara is produced by a sub-group in a village of the Ezillo community in present-day Ebonyi State in the Igbo area in southeastern Nigeria. Body art plays a major role in Ibibio art. by Web Services Editor. [10] The original seven clans are scattered between Cross River state and Akwa Ibom state and consist of Iboku (Duke town, Henshaw town, Creek town and Cobham town), Obutong, Adiabo, Mbiabo (Mbiabo Edere, Mbiabo Ikot Offiong, Mbiabo Ikoneto), Enwang, Usukakpa and Abayen. You are using an out of date browser. Ethnographic - (Head crest, Ejagham People): Worn by a member of the Ekpe Society to intimidate and punish anyone who has broken tribal law. Ekpe society was the first tribe to come up with this design and archaeologists have found traces of this fabric even in southwestern Cameroon. The destruction of Obutong occurred in 1854. Ekpe Efik was used as a government instrument in Bakassi in exercising authority for more than 200 years ago [4]. (a) What are the Clowns trying to accomplish in this scene? Several theories have been propounded on the origin of the word. An account from the Qua said the origin of the Ekpe people can be traced to Cameron. The society is still active at the beginning of the 21st century, now playing more of a ceremonial role. The cloth is traditionally used as either a wrapper, worn by high- ranking members of Ekpe group who often . The society is now seen as a fraternity along the masonic lines which tries to represent the interest of Efiks. Ekpe could take life and could give it; it could condemn a whole town to a heavy fine and was promptly paid; it could punish offenders and could forgive; even kings and Obongs could never escape Ekpe laws and edicts.[69]. "Egbo" redirects here. The Efik people are well known for a diverse number of cuisines. National Museum of African American History and Culture. The Efik (Calabar) caste structure of Ekpe . In Ekpe, he is a product of a dynasty of more than five Generations of Ekpe Sisikus, also known as Nfor Ngbe or Ekpe Chiefs. Group members would disguise themselves as leopards, wearing leopard skins, carrying claw-like weapons, and attacking their prey. The Efik language also borrows words from other ethnic groups such as Balondo, Oron, Efut, Okoyong, Efiat and Ekoi (Qua). The Internet has shone light on manysecret societies, rendering them not so secret. The Ekpo/Ekpe society is a significant part of the Ibibio political system. The process of creating this richly symbolic cloth is laborious. [77] Women wore a number of brass rings on their legs and arms. [17] Some oral accounts by early Efik men also support the Igbo origin of the Efik. The persistence oftheAbakua society contradicts the official construction ofa Cuban national identity. [33][34] Abasi is said to have borrowed an axe from an Uruan woman and had broken the axe. "[35] Simmons assertion which was made in his 1958 dissertation is similarly reiterated at the Hart's enquiry in 1964 by chiefs such as Chief Efiom Obo Effanga of Obutong. You been do very proper for we, and now we want to keep proper mouth. "[21] Jeffreys assertion regarding Eburutu being a single Ibibio clan is proven false by earlier definitions of Eburutu by Rev. My party of 4 spent $400 at Space 220 in Disney World. Aye dates the arrival of the Efik in Creek Town to the fourteenth century. Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. Formerly the society earned a bad reputation due to what the British viewed as the barbarous customs that were intermingled with its rites. They are well respected agents of wealth distribution in the community. For the first time in history, Ekpe had a presentation at the highest institution of cultural anthropology in the world, the Smithsonian Museum. I hope some Man-of-War come sometime with proper captain all same you look out and help we keep word when French Man-of-War come. Collection of Eli Bentor. It is not just because of its spiritual or cultic functions but for the fact that the institution was a pre-colonial police judiciary system (Bassey, 1998). Large amounts of pepper was also uncommon in Efik cuisines. [43] Stephen D. Behrendt and Eric J. Graham revealed in a 2003 publication that by the time the first documented European sailing vessel arrived in 1625, the Efik had already settled at Creek Town and Old Town. Originally, the Efik obtained slaves by going to war with other communities or creating confusion in other communities. Only males can join, boys being initiated about the age of puberty. These secret societies were used to uphold the legal decisions of the Council of Elders or of the community as a whole, they also ensured conformity in certain rituals and in social behaviour and undertook certain public works for the community (n.d.). Papers documenting the research materials and scholarly work of Dr. Ivor L. Miller in cultural studies of the African Diaspora. The Ekpo society uses black masks, often of naturalistic appearance and with movable jaws, to maintain social order and propitiate the ancestors; some of these masks represent disease and deformity. of Old Calabar by the Ekpe secret society, which was controlled by the towns merchant houses. One theory asserts that Ukpong Atai Atai Ema Atai, Adim Atai Atai Ema Atai and other co-founders founded Obutong after one of Eyo Ema's people was killed during a wrestling match with Ukpong Atai at Creek town. . The nsibidi may convey meaning either singularly or in groups, and each sign may be figurative, geometric, or abstract, or may represent a physical object, concept, or narrative. Eli Bentor, Professor of Art History at Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, speaks about the history of ukara cloth and moderates a discussi. Select search scope, currently: catalog all catalog, articles, website, & more in one search; catalog books, media & more in the Stanford Libraries' collections; articles+ journal articles & other e-resources Here is a list of some of Africa's most prominent cults of all time: The Ekpe is a secret society that lives mostly in Nigeria and whose members are typically law enforcers and politicians. Today, it is no longer the same Ekpe society of decades ago. Written March 01, 2015 by Web Services Editor, Guarini School of Graduate & Advanced Studies, Copyright 2023 Trustees of Dartmouth College. Infact; there can be no-gainsay of the USAK-EDET People (ISANGELE) being the originators of this highly acclaimed Ekpe Society that the EFIKS, led by EFFA EFFIWAT later on used in subduing their subjects of EFUTS, (i.e. I'm a queer mom and my daughter has decided to attend an anti-gay Bible college. Law and order in Efik society was maintained via a number of secret societies. I was very poorno job and I has no money to even feed and take care of myfamily I was confuse in life I dont know what to do I try allmy possible best to get money but no one work out for meeach day I share tears, I was just looking out my family nomoney to take care of them until one day I decided to jointhe great Illuminati , I come across them in the internet Inever believe I said let me try I email them.all what theysaid we happen in my life just started it was like a dream tome they really change my story totally . [69] The Ekpe spirit cannot be seen by the uninitiated and is represented by Idem Iquo, a masquerade dressed in Esk, a multicoloured costume decorated with other traditional accoutrements. I Am Niki Buroro Agbor Ekpe Jerome a holder of a professional Masters in Forestry and wildlife Engineering with focus on Protected Area Management, Masters of Science in Forest Governance and policies from University of Dschang and Professional Masters in Environmental Science (ESIA) university of Yaounde 1. ugly and deformed, but predicted to be the mother of a great king. [61] Due to the fall in global demand for slaves and several other factors, the kings and chiefs of Old Calabar wrote to the British requesting that they send teachers and missionaries to Old Calabar to establish industries and introduce the religion of the white man to them. Ekpe is a mysterious spirit who is supposed to live in the jungle and to preside at the ceremonies of the society. Ivor Miller: The voice of the leopard is the main symbol of the Ekpe society of the Cross River region ofNigeria and Cameroon, which was re-created in colonial Cuba as the Abaku society. It was technically part of Nigeria, according to history, which was the reason we had the National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). The ethnic group to which most of the characters belong is the __________________people. The Ekpe society requires that its initiates sponsor feasts for the town, which foster the appearance of the redistribution of wealth by providing the poor with food and drink. Sunjata's half-brother, Dankaran Touman, enrages Sunjata and nearly causes civil war by: murdering an innocent young man, thinking he is Sunjata. [66] The version of Sunjata we have read is not the only version because: No version was ever written down by a skilled jeli, since Mande traditional society considers any story written down to be "dead". Among the Southern Igbo, the Ekpe society, introduced from the Cross River area, uses contrasting masks to represent the maiden spirit and the elephant spirit, the latter representing ugliness and aggression and the former representing beauty and peacefulness. Due to the volume of cultural exchange, many other ethnic groups have often been regarded as being one with the Efik such as Kiong and Efut. [5] The Efik refer to themselves as Efik Eburutu, Ifa Ibom, Eburutu and Iboku. Google Scholar Aye, E. A. In his well researched thesis titled "Ekpe Imperium in South Eastern Nigeria", Anwana (2002) identified a plenitude of evidences to validate the Ejagham/Ekoi origins of the Ekpe society. Photo by Jordan Fenton. [49] Several events at Creek town later led to a wave of migration from Creek town to Duke town. Thanks for signing up for our daily insight on the African economy. In the culture we have discussed, the term badenya refers to: the relationship between the mother and child, and full siblings - implying closeness, trust, cooperation, unselfishness, and acceptance of rules. The Efik are an ethnic group located primarily in southern Nigeria, and western Cameroon. Probably about 8000 BC one group reached Nigeria by an overland route and settled at Ibom (Arochuku) there they erected the famous shrine now known as the Long Juju of Arochuku. Cameroon with the Ekpe cult. Adire Adire means 'tie and dye' in Yoruba. [76], Prior to the introduction of European-styled clothing, the Efik wore loin clothes made of Raffia (Efik: Ndam). ukara: Ritual Cloth of the Ekpe Society features the ukara cloth, a composite signifier of authority, prestige, sacrality, difference, and social mobility in the Ekpe secret society in the Cross river basin encompassing southeastern Nigeria and parts of Cameroon. The tentative program is as follows: January 27th and 28th, 2012. In modern-day Efik society, nyny is worn on various occasions such as weddings and traditional events. [71] Meals such as Iwewe were fed to children and old people with no teeth or fragile teeth. The design is left to the discretion of the Ezillo creators, who are not Ekpe members and do not know the meanings of nsibidi. Due to the number of unfortunate incidents at Ikpa Ene and Ndodoghi, the Efik sought to leave these islands. No disrespect allowed. The Neegee is a cannibalistic group that feeds on human flesh to satisfy their God, and to gain power from that God. Bell of King Eyo Honesty II at Creek Town, Ekeng ita (also known as James Henshaw), Obong of Henshaw Town (c.a 1875). What's significant about the black fraternities and sororities in America is that they also trace part of their lineage to the Ekpe society of southeastern Nigeria.
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