while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight Seccin instructora one crew member to be "out of the loop." from the sterile cockpit rule. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, As discussed in chapter 4, these two phases involve separate actions that are performed concurrently. When this training technique is used, instruction in the control of an aircraft by outside visual references is integrated with instruction in the use of flight instrument indications for the same operations, It important for the student to establish the habit of observing and relying on flight instruments from the beginning of flight training. Due to the importance of this subject, the following discussion provides guidance on the recommended procedure to use for the positive exchange of flight controls between pilots when operating an aircraft, Incident/accident statistics indicate a need to place additional emphasis on the exchange of control of an aircraft by pilots. Situational awareness is the accurate perception and understanding of all the factors and conditions within the four fundamental risk elements that affect safety before, during, and after the flight. was sitting on the jump seat. Explaining the Role of the Instructor - Troop 719 Pilots can improve flight safety significantly by reducing distractions during critical phases of flight. From the start of flight training, the instructor must ensure students develop the habit of looking for other air traffic at all times. After studying the chart, she concludes there is an airport which has fueling services within a reasonable distance along her route. The student must be comfortable, confident in the instructor and the aircraft, and at ease if effective learning is to occur. How can a flight instructor ensure the safety of flight training activities, and also train clients to operate their aircraft safely after they leave the relatively protected flight training environment? often has cruise altitudes below 10,000 feet MSL, offers a similar worthwhile Plus, the instructor is able to evaluate the students understanding of the factors involved in performance of the maneuver, According to the principle of primacy, it is important for the instructor to make sure the student gets it right the first time. Sterile Flight Deck | SKYbrary Aviation Safety The examples shown contain the essential elements of each endorsement. This tendency will dissipate with time, but allowing the student to see the effect of his or her control input is a valuable aid in illustrating the stability of the aircraft. Consequently, important things were missed. Pilots in training who have been required to perform all normal flight maneuvers by reference to instruments, as well as by outside references, will develop from the start the habit of continuously monitoring their own and the aircrafts performance. Some situations, such as engine failures, require a pilot to respond immediately using established procedures with little time for detailed analysis. [Figure 8-9] For example, if a student has an easy time with flight training and seems to understand things very quickly, there may be a potential for that student to have a "macho" hazardous attitude. To explain the decision-making process, the instructor can introduce the following steps with the accompanying scenario that places the students in the position of making a decision about a typical flight situation, The first step in the decision-making process is to define the problem. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by This concept should be emphasized to students and reinforced when training procedures are performed. The purpose is to determine that applicants possess the skills required to cope with distractions while maintaining the degree of aircraft control required for safe flight. Nothing destroys a students interest as quickly as a poorly organized period of instruction. Psychological problems such as financial, home life, or job-related stresses cause a lack of qualified rest that is only solved by mitigating the underlying problems before the fatigue is solved. For more information on how to reduce the odds of becoming involved in a midair collision, see www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/tracon/anchorage/pilots_info/mca/, Assessment is an essential component of the teaching process and determines how, what, and how well a student is learning. #121 The Sterile Cockpit - TailWheelersJournal.com Flight instructors should not exceed their own ability to perceive a problem, decide upon a course of action, and physically react within their ability to fly the aircraft, Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) section 121.542 requires flight crewmembers to refrain from nonessential activities during critical phases of flight. All of the students physical and mental faculties are brought into play. The self-assessment is followed by an in-depth discussion between the instructor and the student which compares the instructors assessment to the students self-assessment, During the students first solo flight, the instructor must be present to assist in answering questions or resolving any issues that arise during the flight. to help minimize many of the problems that we just annotated. This may be done by frequent review of new periodicals and technical publications, personal contacts with FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPE), and by participation in pilot and flight instructor clinics. Breaking one link in the chain is all that is usually necessary to change the outcome of the sequence of events. Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations specifically prohibit crew member performance of non-essential duties or activities while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, except cruise flight. How Sterile Cockpits Can Save Your Life - EMS Flight Safety Network In either case, unless adequate precautions are taken, personal performance could be impaired and adversely affect pilot judgment and decision-making, Dehydration is the term given to a critical loss of water from the body. Creating the impression of talking down to the student is one of the fastest ways for an instructor to lose student confidence and attention. In addition, their motivation suffers no matter how intent they are on learning to fly. In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. After an intensive look at ADM with suggestions for how to interweave ADM, risk management, and SRM into the teaching process, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations. It is important for the demonstration to conform to the explanation as closely as possible. After weighing each information source, she concludes that the headwind has increased. With the flight vividly etched in the students memory, questions about the flight will come quickly, Correction of student errors should not include the practice of immediately taking the controls away when a mistake is made. The job of the instructor is to challenge the student with realistic flying situations without overburdening him or her with unrealistic scenarios, The FAA recommends that in all student flights involving landings in an aircraft, the flight instructor should teach a full stop landing. reports, a safer operation can be achieved by simply abiding by the rule's guidelines. Nonessential activities include such activities as eating, reading a newspaper, or chatting. The purpose of the self-assessment is to stimulate growth in the learners thought processes and, in turn, behaviors. runway! Is the "sterile cockpit" concept applicable to - ScienceDirect related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger of the reports in our data set. Upon reaching a wings-level attitude, reduce power and trim to remove control pressures, Second, the student tells as the instructor does. But a valuable Portale di Economia e Finanza. With the advent of electronic checklists, it has become easier to develop and maintain personal checklists from the manufacturers checklist with additions for specific aircraft and operations, In addition, the AFM/POH, which is required to be carried onboard the aircraft, is essential for accurate flight planning and for resolving inflight equipment malfunctions. potentially dangerous. carolina health specialists phone number. In briefing Applying aviation's sterile cockpit rule may be a useful addition to our clinical practice. When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. This sterility of the cockpit environment is designed to enable . surprised when they lined up with the wrong runway -- and doubly surprised when It is a testing tool. Refer to chapter 5 for an in-depth discussion of the types of assessment available to the flight instructor, An assessment can also be used as a tool for reteaching. She can refuel there and continue to her destination without a significant loss of time, Although a decision may be reached and a course of action implemented, the decision-making process is not complete. The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. Doing several things at once, though, may mean that something important falls through the cracks. Because their intention was for the student to demonstrate a soft field landing, both pilots expected the stall warning horn they heard. For example, in a weight-shift control aircraft the control bar is moved right to turn left. Since this is a learning phase rather than an evaluation phase of the training, errors or unsafe practices should be identified and corrected in a positive and timely way. instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by. (b) No flight crew member may Emergencies require the pilot to thinkassess the situation, choose and execute the actions that assure safety, not act in a rote manner, It is important for flight instructors to teach students that declaring an emergency when one occurs is an appropriate reaction. The most effective training is the simulation of scenarios that can lead to inadvertent stalls by creating distractions while the student is practicing certain maneuvers. The minimum standards to pass the checkride should not be introduced until the 3 hours of preparation for the checkride. During all phases of flight training, CFIs should remember they are role models for the student. As the student develops immunity, flights can be increased in length until normal flight periods are practicable, Keeping students interested and occupied during flight is a deterrent to airsickness. For example, failure of a landing-gear-extended light to illuminate could indicate that the gear is not down and locked into place or it could mean the bulb is burned out. This is dependent on current weather, such as excess winds including crosswinds, Provision is made on the airman certificate or rating application form for the written recommendation of the flight instructor who has prepared the applicant for the practical test involved. These two dates should be the same, Completion of prerequisites for a practical test is another instructor task that must be documented properly. The following is an example of the type of scenario that can be presented to illustrate the poor judgment chain, A private pilot with 100 hours of flight time made a precautionary landing on a narrow dirt runway at a private airport. If the flight instructor has trained and prepared the applicant competently, the applicant should have no problem passing the practical test, A flight instructor who fails to ensure a student meets the requirements of regulations prior to endorsing solo flight or additional rating exhibits a serious deficiency in performance. Fixating on a problem that does not exist can divert the pilots attention from important tasks. Instructors can teach this skill by prompting their students to prepare for a high workload. It is not mandatory, but recommended for all endorsements to be worded exactly as those in the AC. Traditional assessment depends on a grading scale of "excellent, good, fair, poor" or "exceeds standards, meets standards, needs more training" which often meets the instructors needs but not the needs of the student, With the advent of SBT, collaborative assessment is used whenever the student has completed a scenario. Sixty percent of stall/spin accidents occurred during takeoff and landing, and twenty percent were preceded by engine failure. flight is above or below 10,000 feet. On the other hand, how does that jibe with the rule? not related to the proper conduct of the flight are not required for the [Figure 8-11], During a lesson, workload can be gradually increased as the instructor monitors the students management of tasks. They naturally accept the fact that the manipulation of the flight controls is identical, regardless of which references are used to determine the attitude of the aircraft. While researching the subject at the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) website, he locates several sources that provide background information, such as the fact that, statistically, weather often poses some of the greatest risks to general aviation (GA) pilots, regardless of their experience level. the aircraft was slightly off course and flying at an altitude of 560 Checklists should be performed well in advance so there is time to focus on traffic and ATC instructions. Certain obstacles are common to flight instruction and may apply directly to the students attitude, physical condition, and psychological make-up. The instructor cannot be responsible for these outside diversions, but cannot ignore them because they have a critical effect on the learning process. A problem is perceived first by the senses, and then is distinguished through insight and experience. This is especially important due to the wide variety in global positioning systems (GPS) and glass panel displays, It is the personal responsibility of each flight instructor to maintain familiarity with current pilot training techniques and certification requirements. Passengers are told to shut up and any conversation or activity not related to the takeoff or landing is not permitted while the aircraft is taking off, landing or involved in any "critical phase" of flight. To learn skills, students must practice. This is admittedly difficult, but must be accomplished if learning is to proceed at a normal rate, Worries and emotional upsets that result from a flight training course can be identified and addressed. hotwire flight credit; umc graveside service; how to install undermount soft close drawer slides It is important for the flight instructor to answer any questions the student may have as result of a solo flight. These procedures are especially important prior to entering a high-density traffic area, such as Class B airspace, To manage workload, items should be prioritized. In addition to policy development, a board of education may become involved in student discipline when it is necessary to expel a student from school. to notify maintenance about a minor cabin discrepancy. As she proceeds to the airport, she continues to monitor groundspeed, aircraft performance, and weather conditions to ensure no additional steps need to be taken to guarantee the safety of the flight, It is important to stress to a student that being familiar with the decision-making process does not ensure he or she has the good judgment to be a safe pilot. Regardless of how well a skill is taught, there may still be performance deficiencies. All rights reserved. call to the flight attendants on the interphone. In Europe the Sterile Cockpit concept is addressed byEU-OPS 1.085paragraph (f)(9) although in less explicit terms than the FAR: The commander shallnot permit any crew member to perform any activity during take-off, initial climb, final approach and landing except those duties required for the safe operation of the aeroplane; Regardless of regulation, many operators have chosen voluntarily to apply similar rules within their company. November 2, 2021 . When necessary, the instructor should take the controls and calmly announce, "I have the flight controls." We carefully reviewed 63 reports that had been previously coded If a misunderstanding exists, it can be corrected before the student becomes absorbed in controlling the aircraft, Application is the third step in this method. When pointing out areas that need improvement, offer concrete suggestions that help. Do not talk to the student on short final of the landing approach, During a post-solo debriefing, the flight instructor discusses what took place during the students solo flight. During training, CFIs can routinely point out resources to students, Internal resources are found in the flight deck during flight. If the airplane has a canopy or roof window, wearing light-colored, porous clothing and a hat helps provide protection from the sun. Flight Instructors and the Sterile Cockpit Rule These two reports represent the dilemma all flight instructors face when applying the sterile cockpit rule to actual flight instruction. Instruction must be keyed to the utilization of the interests and enthusiasm students bring with them, and to diverting their attention from their worries and troubles to learning the tasks at hand. Traditionally, pilots have been well trained to react to emergencies, but are not as well prepared to make decisions, which require a more reflective response. The published minimum altitude at the area The PIC should brief passengers before the flight to make sure that they are comfortable voicing any concerns, Possibly the greatest external resources during flight are air traffic controllers and flight service specialists. The services provided by ATC can be invaluable in enabling pilots to make informed inflight decisions. The instructor must exercise good judgment to decide how much control to use. FAR 121.542 If students do not fully understand how to use the equipment, or if they rely on it so much that they become complacent, it can become a detriment to safe flight. Many companies have already established These include but are not limited to: Impatience to proceed to more interesting operations, Physical discomfort, illness, fatigue, and dehydration, Students who believe their instruction is inadequate, or that their efforts are not conscientiously considered and evaluated, do not learn well. Keeping the flight deck well ventilated aids in dissipating excess heat, Students can become apathetic when they recognize that the instructor has made inadequate preparations for the instruction being given, or when the instruction appears to be deficient, contradictory, or insincere. The Sleeve and Spindle The actions to be taken in each of these circumstances would be significantly different. connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier She verifies that the original calculations are correct and considers factors that may have lengthened the time between checkpoints, such as a climb or deviation off course. In an emergency situation, the first priority is to fly the aircraft and maintain a safe airspeed, Another important part of managing workload is recognizing a work overload situation. Worry or distraction may be due to student concerns about progress in the training course, or may stem from circumstances completely unrelated to their instruction. Although not all assessments lend themselves to reteaching, the instructor should be alert to the possibility and take advantage of the opportunity when it arises.
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