These differences were cultural and often a source of great pride among Creole families and regions. After three centuries of colonial rule, independence came rather suddenly to most of Spanish and Portuguese America. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Hachette, 1957. Central authority proved unstable in the capital city of Buenos Aires. Both events drew inspiration from the same philosophical movement, and both events produced significant changes. The American War of Independence, the French Revolution, the Haitian Revolution, and the many revolutions of Latin America were connected through networks of ideas, trade, and global events that rocked the world over a few dramatic decades. Answer (1 of 6): The formalized drive by the South American and Central American states to win independence from their Spanish and Portuguese overlords began in 1806 with the failed attempt by Francisco de Miranda to forge an independent Venezuela. However, they defeated the Portuguese military and established control of the entirety of the country by March 1824, when the city of Montevideo, the last major Portuguese stronghold, fell. American Revolution, also called United States War of Independence or American Revolutionary War, (1775-83), insurrection by which 13 of Great Britain's North American colonies won political independence and went on to form the United States of America. Arriving in Rio de Janeiro with some 15,000 officials, nobles, and other members of his court, John transformed the Brazilian colony into the administrative centre of his empire. In addition to Cuba, the Spanish-American War also netted the US Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines. Spain was by far the largest colonial power in the Americas. In Colombia, conflicting views over a new governing structure led to fighting between Bogot and the provinces that declared themselves free states like Cartagena, even while they simultaneously fought royalist forces. Which independence leaders was a European monarch? Best study tips and tricks for your exams. A constituent assembly meeting in 1813 adopted a flag, anthem, and other symbols of national identity, but the apparent unity disintegrated soon afterward. By late 1822, he was facing rebellion from republican opposition. (2021, April 12). San Martn declared the creation of an independent Peru in July 1821. The war followed more than a decade of growing estrangement between the British crown and a large and influential segment of its North . Elmore, Peter. The most lasting impact of the Latin American revolutions was the establishment of independent nation states in most of Central and South America. Why can Mexico's independence be seen as conservative? The revolutionary hero Simon Bolivar is a good example, as he was born in Caracas to a well-to-do Creole family that had lived in Venezuela for four generations, but as a rule, did not intermarry with the locals. Some were a positive influence: The American Revolution (17651783) was seen by many in South America as a good example of elite leaders of colonies throwing off European rule and replacing it with a more fair and democratic societylater, some constitutions of new republics borrowed heavily from the U.S. Constitution. Edited by Sara Castro-Klaren, 213227. Agustn de Juregui, virrey del Per. In 1811, most of Venezuela and the city of Cartagena took the more radical step of declaring full independence and creating independent states. While most of the newly independent nation states of Central and South America adopted constitutions and forms of representative government as well as adopted reforms for racial equality, the independence wars also highlighted challenges that continued long afterwards. Fisher 1966 provided a concise overview while Elmore 2008, Serulnikov 2013, and Walker 2014 present broader interpretations. A narrative history that pays particular attention to the role of the church and Micaela Bastidas, Tupac Amarus wife, as well as violence. This half-measure was much more palatable to those who did not want to declare independence outright. The events he described are over two hundred years ago yet the term "Haitian Revolution" has been used only in the past few decades. Unable to preserve any sort of monopoly on trade, the Spanish crown was forced to loosen the restrictions on its colonies commerce. So too had the Portuguese colony of Brazil and the French colony of Haiti. In the 1970s the Spaniard Eulogio Zudaire published a well-documented study of Viceroy Juregui and the rebellion: although the study was much more critical of the rebels and more supportive of the Spanish than other scholarship, it also contains great archival leads. People of pure-blood Spanish descent that were born in the colonies. It also recognized the colonies' independence and drew lines between British Canada and American territory. In the Spanish colonies, which constituted the vast majority of Latin America, there was a rigid class hierarchy. The American Revolution, which began in 1776, came first. The chaos in Spain provided a perfect excuse to rebel without committing treason. The Enlightenment clearly informed the aims of dissident Creoles and inspired some of the later, great leaders of the independence movements across Latin America. Create the most beautiful study materials using our templates. Spanish Americans now found themselves able to trade legally with other colonies, as well as with any neutral countries such as the United States. The Latin American Wars of Independence were the revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. Be perfectly prepared on time with an individual plan. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. From the start Buenos Aires intention of bringing all the former viceregal territories under its control set off waves of discord in the outlying provinces. However, in 1821, he decided to support independence in reaction to a liberal constitution adopted in Spain. 3. el libertador. French forces under Napoleon declared him a traitor, captured, and imprisoned him. Minster, Christopher. User: What was the outcome of the Mexican revolution Weegy: It ended dictatorship in Mexico and established a constitutional republic, was the outcome of the Mexican revolution. Chile declared itself an independent republic in February 1818. The role of Haiti in the other Latin American Revolutions is often under recognized, if recognized at all. He later allied with French forces and achieved virtual autonomy for Haiti by 1801. He at first reasserted himself as an absolute monarch. You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Minster, Christopher. . This remained the situation when Fernando returned to power in Spain. What battle made most of Colombia and Venezuela independent? Creole revolutions were those led by creoles, or people of Spanish descent born in the colonies, for independence from Spain in the early 1800s in the Americas. Create and find flashcards in record time. 12, 2021, thoughtco.com/latin-america-causes-of-independence-2136120. In 1889, a coup deposed Dom Pedro II and established a republic in Brazil. France owned new territories In South America. But in the end, there was no real going back from such a step. Paraguay declared independence in 1811. The Mexican Revolution, which began on November 20, 1910, and continued for a decade, is recognized as the first major political, social, and cultural revolution of the 20th century. But they have pointed out that many North Americans have vastly exaggerated the ability of the United States to shape the.ideas, systems, and institutions of the nations to the south. Question 14. United States Invasion of the Dominican Republic, 1961196 Urbanization in the 20th Century, Latin Americas, USLatin American Relations during the Cold War, Women and Labor in 20th-Century Latin America. Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. Across the Ro de la Plata from Buenos Aires, Montevideo and its surroundings became the separate Estado Oriental (Eastern State, later Uruguay). One of the main . Napoleon caused revolutions in Latin America indirectly. The causes of the Latin American Revolutions were complex, and each colony had its own particularities. 30 seconds. Fig 1 - Map showing the years of independence of nations in Latin America (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Latin_American_independence_countries.PNG) by Ricardomarins29 (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Ricardomarins29) licensed under CC-BY-SA-3.0-migrated (https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:CC-BY-SA-3.0-migrated). A look at Born's speeches and writings sheds light on the tight connection between the prioritization of anti-imperialism and support for the Pink Tide, as perceived by a leading representative of the anti-imperialist Latin American left. By the late 18th century, Spain was forced to loosen some trade restrictions, but the move was too little, too late, as those who produced these goods now demanded a fair price for them. From the north came the movement led most famously by Simn Bolvar, a dynamic figure known as the Liberator. The Latin American Wars of Independence were the various revolutions that took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. Lerne mit deinen Freunden und bleibe auf dem richtigen Kurs mit deinen persnlichen Lernstatistiken. After Spanish and French naval forces were crushed at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805, Spain's ability to control the colonies lessened even more. You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Have all your study materials in one place. The rapidity and timing of that dramatic change were the result of a combination of long-building tensions in colonial rule and a series of external events. Yet the Creoles who participated in the new Cortes were denied equal representation. This radical shift in power was undoubtedly influential in inspiring the Latin American Revolutions' causes. While the Latin American Revolutions' effects established independence, most of the young republics faced continued challenges to stability due to internal political conflicts and enduring racial and economic inequality. A junta was declared in Buenos Aires in 1810, in what is called the May Revolution. From the south proceeded another powerful force, this one directed by the more circumspect Jos de San Martn. There are two main Latin American revolution causes: the impact of the French Revolution and resentment at the political structure of colonial rule. A highly readable account by the 19th-century English geographer and explorer Clements Markham. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. In order to better understand this decade-long civil war, we offer an overview of the main players on the competing sides, primary source materials for point of view analysis, discussion of how the arts reflected . Haiti's Little-Studied Role on the Other Latin American Revolutions. Over 10 million students from across the world are already learning smarter. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. The peninsulares gave the people of Latin America permission to revolt. It also provided important material aid and support to other Latin American revolutions. Even since most of Latin America gained independence from Spain in the period from 1810 to 1825, the region has been the scene of numerous disastrous civil wars and revolutions. 2. spain. Its 100% free. Economic effect of the latin american revolution. The Portuguese royal family had moved to Brazil when Portugal was invaded by Napoleon, and the colony was elevated to an equal status of Portugal. But the colonies were only allowed to trade with Spain, and at rates advantageous for Spanish merchants. Even before Napoleon declared himself Emperor of France on May 18, 1804, he sought to bring much of Europe under France's control. Both revolutions followed the anatomy of a revolution and had comparable causes, however the French Revolution politically better outcomes, whereas the Latin American Revolution resulted in poverty and lost territory. However, the French Revolution had another indirect, but critical impact on the course of independence in Latin America. When the Spanish crown entered into an alliance with France in 1795, it set off a series of developments that opened up economic and political distance between the Iberian countries and their American colonies. Preference for continued colonial rule over the possibility of social revolution like in Haiti helped prevent white Creole elites from fully backing independence, even as some did engage in rebellion in the 1860s and 70s. Crime and Punishment in Industrial Britain, Advantages of North and South in Civil War, African Americans in the Revolutionary War, Civil War Military Strategies of North and South, Environmental Effects of The Columbian Exchange, Native Americans in the Revolutionary War, Country or Countries Where They Contributed to Independence. Shortly after Charles had abdicated in favour of his son Ferdinand, Napoleon had them both imprisoned. These revolutions followed the American and French Revolutions, which had profound effects on the Spanish, Portuguese and French colonies in the Americas. The primary outcome of the American Revolution was the independence of fourteen formerly British colonies in North America; thirteen of which would immediately form the United . -is the economic impact World War 1 had on Latin America. Which three statements correctly describe outcomes of the Latin American revolutions? Although Fisher did not have access to the document collections and analyses published after her study, the analysis is solid and the narrative engaging. Many Latin Americans began selling their goods illegally to the British colonies and, after 1783, U.S. merchants. 9.1 North America 9.2 Europe 9.3 Asia-Pacific 9.4 Latin America 9.5 Middle East and Africa 10 Future Forecast of the Global Business-Outcome-Driven Enterprise Architecture Consulting Software . The new government in Portugal demanded a return to colonial status and subservience for Brazil. Create flashcards in notes completely automatically. From there, troops under northern generals finally stamped out the last vestiges of loyalist resistance in Peru and Bolivia by 1826. Jos Gabriel Condorcanqui was a kuraka or ethnic . While Spain was racially "pure" in the sense that the Moors, Jews, Romani people, and other ethnic groups had been kicked out centuries before, the New World populations were a diverse mixture of Europeans, Indigenous people (some of whom were enslaved), and enslaved Black people. See answer (1) Best Answer. He claimed to be fighting in the name of the King of Spain. In this Latin American Revolution summary, we will look in depth at the Spanish colonies of Central and South America, as well as touch on the Portuguese colony of Brazil and the French colony of Haiti. US citizens also had considerable interests in the sugar economy of Cuba and the US saw the island as a strategic place for naval bases. After initial victories there, the forces from Buenos Aires retreated, leaving the battle in the hands of local Creole, mestizo, and Indian guerrillas. He later led campaigns in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. French troops invaded countries such as Spain and the Holy Roman Empire; the latter ceased to exist as a result of French occupation. Centered in southern Peru, from Cuzco to Lake Titicaca, it also allied with the Katarista uprisings in Upper Peru (Bolivia). By registering you get free access to our website and app (available on desktop AND mobile) which will help you to super-charge your learning process. The American Revolutionary War took place in thirteen colonies, in North America, an ocean away from its ruling monarchy in Great Britain, in Europe. May 12, 1780. Creoles selectively adapted rather than simply embraced the thought that had informed revolutions in North America and France. He focused on the years 1776, 1789, 1804. In September of 1783, the United States government and the British Parliament officially agreed to the Treaty of Paris, which ended the American Revolution. A person's status in society could be determined by how many 64ths of Spanish heritage one had. The impact of Enlightenment ideas. Interesting Facts. The European empires and the US shunned it as a republic led by people of African descent. However, after Fernando returned to the throne in 1813, this experiment in self-government and desire to continue it pushed the colonies to demand and fight for full independence. The Charleston move is part of a broader British strategy to hang on to the southern colonies, at least, now that the war is stalemated in Pennsylvania and New York. The Tupac Amaru Rebellion raged across the Andes from 1780 to 1783. On September 16, 1810, Father Miguel Hidalgo raised the banner of the Latin American revolution when he issued his Grito de Dolores, calling for revolt in the small town of Dolores. In Brazil and Haiti, circumstances were slightly different but had similar causes of dissatisfaction with the political control of the ruling power. By 1810, however, the trend was clear. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. In cities throughout the region, Creole frustrations increasingly found expression in ideas derived from the Enlightenment. San Martn came to Argentina in 1812 and joined the independence forces. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1966. Cartoon, 1847. The answer is long and complicated, but here are some of the essential causes of the Latin American Revolution. Latin Americanist Research Resources Project. Paraguay resisted Buenos Aires military and set out on a path of relative isolation from the outside world. Tupac Amaru organized his indigenous followers and attacked other corregidors, ransacked haciendas, and razed the hated obrajes, or textile mills. The result of these revolutions was the formation of independent countries in Latin America. After the defeat of Cuban-style revolutionary movements throughout Latin America in the 1960s and the overthrow of Salvador . Occurrences in Europe in the early 19th century created a deep political divide between Spain and its American colonies. Transforming these early initiatives into a break with Spanish control required tremendous sacrifice. What was the most lasting impact of the Latin American revolutions? The Boston Port Act, closing the port of Boston until the Dutch East India Company had been repaid for the destroyed tea; A refugee from Nazi Europe to Argentina, Lewin makes parallels between the rebellions defeat and the Holocaust. By that time, Spain was between a rock and a hard place: The creoles clamored for positions of influence in the colonial bureaucracy and for freer trade. Many Creoles said they were loyal to Spain, not Napoleon. The independence of Latin America from Spain was a foregone conclusion as soon as the creoles began thinking of themselves as Americans and the Spaniards as something different from them. This caused resentment within the privileged classes. This article is available at 5 reading levels at https://newsela.com. While the Spanish had at first been Napoleon's ally, in 1808, he turned on them and removed King Fernando VII, replacing him with his brother. Here are the 5 ways the American Revolution was different from other Revolutions. After his father's return to Portugal, he was named regent in Brazil. The following information will explain the two revolutions and how their actions created such a monumental change. Charles IV was weak and indecisive and mostly occupied himself with hunting, allowing his ministers to run the Empire. Yet they are as different as a coin's front and back because of the types of change they produced. . Meanwhile, fears that Cuba's large slave population would make it a second Haiti also influenced the lack of support for independence among criollo elites there. Dessalines was a follower of Louverture. Haiti was French colony and Latin America was spanish but independence was paramount in both and changed these areas forever. At the beginning of the 1800s, Latin America was firmly under the . His overthrow of the Spanish monarchy in Spain led to the Spanish-controlled colonies being ruled by . The Roman Catholic Church would retain its privileges, The Latin American Revolutions causes included the division between Creoles and. In the Spanish colonies, the society was made up of distinctive social classes. Lewin, Boleslao. Why did the Creoles lead the Latin American revolution? The Peninsulares were the most important people in society, holding the highest positions in both the colonial governments and the . A sophisticated and useful overview (translated from Spanish, Revolucin en los andes: La era de Tpac Amaru, 2012), with a foreword by Charles F. Walker. Britain, France, and Spain were all significantly affected by the American Revolutionary War, which would, in turn, affect large portions of the globe. . By 1825, it was all gone, except for a handful of islands in the Caribbeanbroken into several independent states. The Spanish political tradition centred on the figure of the monarch, yet, with Charles and Ferdinand removed from the scene, the hub of all political authority was missing. Language . These were people of pure-blood Spanish descent that were born in the colonies. With these figures of legitimate authority in his power, the French ruler tried to shatter Spanish independence. There were many important Latin American Revolution leaders. Cuba was given independence, but with limits on its sovereignty that helped contribute to the Cuban Revolution decades later. Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Primary Accounts of the Rebellion and the Period, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Native Presence in Postconquest Central Peru. Colony vs. Country. The effort only served to harden the position of Creole rebels. It was also the last country in the Americas to abolish slavery, only doing so in 1888. A majority of land was held by the Portuguese followed by the . The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783. Indigenous Population and Justice System in Central Mexico Jos Mara Arguedas and Early 21st Century Cultural and Po Law and Society in Latin America since 1800, Legal History of New Spain, 16th-17th Centuries. He and Micaela sought a multiethnic and multiclass alliance, recruiting not only Indians but also mestizos, blacks, Creoles, and good Spaniards. Argentina was the first to formally declare independence on July 9, 1816. The American Patriots in the Thirteen Colonies won independence from Great Britain, becoming the United States of America. Upload unlimited documents and save them online. Economies in the Era of Nationalism and Revolution. The British take Charleston, S.C., capture a large patriot army, and deal the rebels one of their worst defeats of the war. By Staff Writer Last Updated March 31, 2020. In most cases, Latin American Revolutions were led by Creoles. Horror in Literature and Film in Latin America. resentment at the political structure of colonial rule. After three months of intense fighting, they captured Tupac Amaru, Micaela Bastidas, and much of their inner circle in April 1781, executing them in a gruesome public ritual in Cuzcos central plaza on 17 May. Consequently, the forces under San Martn managed only a shaky hold on Lima and the coast. Except for. Insurgency continued in southern Mexico, but stalemate set in, with insurgents controlling rural areas and carrying out guerrilla warfare and royalist forces controlling most of the major cities. They form a dialogue with works on the Katarista uprisings in Upper Peru or what became Bolivia. The Spread of Revolution The Latin American Wars of Independence, which took place during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, were deeply influenced by the American and French Revolutions and resulted in the creation of a number of independent countries in Latin America. In the audiencia (court) of Caracas, for example, no native Venezuelans were appointed from 1786 to 1810. One short term outcome occurred when the church land was sold and then afterwards, the Pope had to fight for his religious views and places back. With the support of Haiti, he returned to his native Venezuela to attempt to free it. The differences can be recognized by analyzing how the common inspiration led to the production of diverse outcomes within the countries of France and America. This detailed, sharply written text has stood the test of time. Many independence leaders were executed. Other expeditions took the cause to Upper Peru, the region that would become Bolivia. Haiti was only the second independent nation state in the Americas after the United States, giving it important symbolic significance in inspiring other revolutions. Renata Keller draws on declassified Mexican and US intelligence sources and Cuban diplomatic records to challenge earlier interpretations that depicted Mexico as a peaceful haven and a weak neighbor forced to submit to US . He then joined with Bolvar to defeat royalist forces in Peru. Having benefited from colonial monopolies and fearful of the kind of social violence that the late 18th-century revolt had threatened, many Peruvian Creoles were not anxious to break with Spain. of the users don't pass the Latin American Revolution quiz! Although the American Revolution took place first, both America and . Contemporary Indigenous Film and Video Production, Contemporary Indigenous Social and Political Thought, Dependency Theory in Latin American History, Development of Architecture in New Spain, 15001810, The, Development of Painting in Peru, 15201820, The, Dutch in South America and the Caribbean, The. . By . AboutTranscript. Latin America was arguably one of the most "revolutionary" regions of the world in the twentieth century. In the Latin American Revolution, nearly all the Spanish colonies, as well as the Portuguese colony of Brazil and the French colony of Haiti, fought for and achieved their independence. At the top, were those born in Spain, called peninsulares. Zudaire, Eulogio. He is a former head writer at VIVA Travel Guides. See key events in the Latin American Revolution timeline below. The Latin American Revolutions causes included the division between Creoles and Peninsulares as well as the impact of the French Revolution on the monarchies of Spain and Portugal. By the end of the eighteenth century, the visiting Prussian scientist Alexander Von Humboldt (17691859) noted that the locals preferred to be called Americans rather than Spaniards. Victory at Boyac effectively liberated most of Colombia. Serulnikov, Sergio. Jacques Dessalines, a lieutenant of Louveture took up the fight and declared the full independence of Haiti on January 1, 1804. Will you pass the quiz? The independence of Latin America from Spain was a foregone conclusion as soon as the creoles began thinking of themselves as Americans and the Spaniards as something different from them. The United Provinces later changed their name to Argentina. In the French colony of Saint-Domingue, there was a vast majority of disadvantaged people of African descent, both freed and slaves. The outcomes were different . In response to the Boston Tea Party, the king imposed the "Intolerable Acts.". 1. and in that sense was more of a revolution then the American Revolution" ( Armstrong 230). With the Spanish king and his son Ferdinand taken hostage by Napoleon, Creoles and peninsulars began to jockey for power across Spanish America. Spain granted neither, which caused great resentment and helped lead to independence. Outcomes of the Revolution, both long-term and short-term. Iturbide was a royalist general. In the American Revolution, the colonist leaders obeyed the will of the citizens, not vice versa. The French Revolution and the Latin American Wars of Independence are like the two sides of a coin. After the defeat of royalist forces, the area commonly referred to at the time as Upper Peru opted to become the independent state of Bolivia, named in honor of Bolvar. By siding with France, Spain pitted itself against England, the dominant sea power of the period, which used its naval forces to reduce and eventually cut communications between Spain and the Americas.
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