Elizabeth was actually popular which meant those conspiring to overthrow her lacked public support. The harsh weather conditions made it impossible for the Spanish fleet to return to the Channel after the battle of Gravelines. The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. threats did Elizabeth face in 1558? Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. The plan was supported by various Catholic nobles, including the Earls of Northumberland and Westmorland as this would mean Elizabeth (a Protestant) could be succeeded by a Catholic queen. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. Become a Member | This was an important symbolic gesture, which angered Philip II. Nevertheless, the answer has sustained conceptual focus and is wide-ranging in its analysis. Elizabeth's greatest problem in 1558 was the threat of invasion. Am I doing my History A-Level coursework correctly? Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. English ships departed from Plymouth to meet the Armada. "The Scarlet Ibis" would be a different story if it were told from Doodle's point of view. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. When Elizabeth I acquired the English throne in 1558, many believed due to the religious decisions of her predecessors, dating back to Henry VIII's reign, Elizabeth had inherited a country that was predominantly Catholic in belief. Elizabeth I - reigned from 1558-1603 Elizabeth I's first rebellion to deal with was the Shane O'Neill Rebellion, which occurred in Ireland and lasted from 1558-1567. . The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. In 1587, Sir Francis Drake attacked the Spanish port of Cadiz in what would become known as the Singeing of the King of Spains beard. Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. The plan was then for the combined forces would then sail across the Channel to England under the protection of the Armadas warships. In response to the Throckmorton Plot, Elizabeths advisors drafted the Bond of Association, which was aimed at deterring any further plots. King Philip of Spain sent an. Born 7th September 1533 , Elizabeth was the daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. These problems included Gender, Religion, Finance and Foreign policy. The evidence was enough to persuade Elizabeth to put Mary on trial and eventually execute her for treason. Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. France, Spain and Scotland were all Catholic countries in 1558. Anne Boleyn (L), Henry VIII (C) and Elizabeth I (R) Elizabeth was born on 7th September 1533 to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. "The little Queen of Scots is the most perfect child that I have ever seen," King Henry II of France proclaimed soon after meeting his new charge (Mary of Guise had stayed in Scotland to rule . Elizabeth made England protestant, which caused tension with the rest of Europe as they were heavily catholic (such as Spain and France). [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. Queen Elizabeth has confiscated large portions of land from the Earl of Northumberland and given it his main rivals in the north and south who were both Protestant. Reasons why Philip used the Spanish Armada. After her death in 1558, her half-sister Elizabeth I preceded the throne and she tried to re-establish Puritanism in England. After inheriting the throne from her sister Mary I, Elizabeth was 300,000 in debt. The invasion failed, however. The Spanish Fury united both the Dutch Catholics and Protestants, who demanded in response to the violence: 1) the expulsion of all Spanish troops from the Netherlands 2) political freedom and 3) an end to religious hostility via the Spanish Inquisition. The execution of Mary, Queen of Scots, finally removed the on-going threat at home from Catholics who wanted to replace Elizabeth with her. From 1566 the Pope had instructed English Catholics to take part in recusancy, and by 1570 a Papal Bull had been issued excommunicating Elizabeth and stating that English Catholics had no need to have loyalty towards their Queen and instead should help overthrow her. This interference greatly angered the Spanish and provoked the ire of many Catholics, who now no longer saw Elizabeth as a mediator of the status quo, but as an interfering, troublesome monarch. The invasion would include the murder of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. The loss of ships, weapons and supplies were proving incredibly costly for Spain as these needed to be replaced and obtaining fresh supplies put a strain on Spains finances. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. Roberto Ridolfi was a spy of the Pope. France was at war with England and Spain. 2022 Youth Conference - post conference 4 month challenge! The powerful countries in Europe at that time - France and Spain - were Catholic and the plots against Elizabeth often . The threat posed by the pretenders Perkin Warbeck and Lambert Simnel. After his successful raid on Cadiz, Drake sailed along the coast of Portugal and Spain, seizing Spanish ships and destroying supplies that were being sent to Lisbon for the Armada. In the eyes of the Church of England, Henry and Catherine were divorced and then Henry could marry Anne. 1) In 1557, Mary I took England to war with France to support her husband who was already fighting the French. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on the reasons for the increased Catholic threat to Elizabeth I after 1566. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley, Burghley also spelled Burleigh, also called (1551-71) Sir William Cecil, (born Sept. 13, 1520, Bourne, Lincolnshire, Eng.died Aug. 5, 1598, London), principal adviser to England's Queen Elizabeth I through most of her reign. When Mary, Queen of Scots arrived in England in 1568, replacing Elizabeth with Mary became a realistic possibility. J. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 Many colonists this time were poverty-stricken Londoners (it was felt they would be used to hard work and would therefore be happy to work for a new life in the New World). Another being the English sympathy to the protestant rebels on the Netherlands. Te Deums were sung in churches, bonfires lit, and "their was shott at the Tower that night above two thousand . Although he promised to help the conspirators, he rarely followed through on these promises. Robert Dudley was the Earl of Leicester and during the time of the conflict involving the Netherlands, he was appointed to lead the military expedition to the Netherlands. One fact that should not be ignored from 1566 was the increasing role of the Pope and his determination to undermine Elizabeth. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. Overview of Elizabeth I / Dedicated to. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. She was the last monarch of the Tudor period. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. This risked provoking King Phillip further and to avoid this, Elizabeth forced Dudley to resign his position immediately. What he meant by this was he had inflicted significant temporary damage on the Spanish Armada and it would regrow in time. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. With no clear military successes for Dudley, he resigned his post in 1587 and returned to England. She's regarded as one of the greatest monarchs of England. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. Phillip was warned against this mission but believed he was on a mission from God. In 1558, the same year Elizabeth became Queen of England, a number of There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeths role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Francis Drake led an attack at Cadiz on the Spanish fleet, who were preparing for an invasion of the English. This aimed to ensure poor relief was collected. He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. He also used double agents to infiltrate Catholic networks. Boston House, In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. 214 High Street, The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Medina Sidonia decided to retreat back to Spain and call off the attack on England. This meant that England had suffered economically as they were not generating any income from Calais. Elizabeth seized the gold which angered King Phillip and in response, he seized English ships that were in Antwerp. The fact that the Pope never approved Henry VIIIs divorce from Catherine of Aragon in 1533 (and England had to break from Rome in order to achieve this) combined with the fact that Catherine was still alive when Elizabeth was born. Parents: Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Describe two features of the Rebellion of the Norther earls 1559 7. It was the arrival of Mary which also partly contributed to the revolt of the Northern Earls in 1569, which had brief success. Crucially, when the Spanish ships docked in English ports, the gold was seized by Elizabeth. Protestants (notably John Knox) initially claimed female rule was unnatural or monstrous, while Roman Catholics judged . In Europe, the 1570s saw some of the worst atrocities of the protracted fall-out of the Reformation. Phillip II of Spain was reluctant to destroy his alliance with Elizabeth and therefore his support for the plots were heart-hearted. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). There was broad support for the new Settlement and very few refused to take the oath of loyalty to the queen. Their complete failure effectively ended any threat Spain posed to the English. She was a Protestant. Elizabeth couldn't restore authority and teachings of the Pope. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. This meant her ability to govern from the outset was immediately hampered. However, the Act also established a national poor rate, made JPs (Justices of the Peace) keep registers of the poor and gave towns and cities the responsibility to find work for the able-bodied poor. By spring 1588, the Spanish Armada was complete and King Phillip was ready to launch his, The Armada was a huge fleet consisting of, The Spanish also had thousands of more soldiers stationed in the Netherlands under the command of the. The Spanish Armada sailed in 1588 and was completely defeated by the English. Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. The Armada set sail in May 1588, but due to bad weather and attempts by an English fleet to intercept it, was delayed for several weeks in the Bay of Biscay. Stimulus = Anne Boleyn / The threat from France, [Examiner commentary following each paragraph and at the end is provided in italics], ____________________________________________________. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). - rebelling of scottish lords. Her forty-five year reign was constantly under threat, which makes the fact that she was able to overcome these for forty-five years even more remarkable. Topic guides / Spains forces in the Netherlands mutinied (as they hadnt been paid by the now bankrupt Spanish government). Marriage and the Succession She was expected to marry and produce an heir for the Tudor line but she wanted to choose the right person and not anger anyone. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland was part of the Rising in the North in 1569. - Significant political threat as her legitimacy and gender led to people not accepting her as queen. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. Register for free, Home / The strength of this relationship was shown by the fact that French troops were stationed on the English and Scottish border. Henry himself gave people cause . Queen Elizabeth showed no mercy to the rebels and the Earl of Northumberland along with 400 rebel troops were executed while the Earl of Westmorland fled abroad. What made the Auld Alliance stronger at this time was the fact that Mary, Queen of Scots was married to the French Prince Francis II. The answer does touch upon the issue of religion but this could be extended further to acknowledge the extensive divisions within society given the preceding tumultuous changes (a brief mention of the role of the puritans for example could help). One reason Dudley failed was that he wasnt a talented general or tactician. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. (*fragmentary*). A number of Catholic plots to remove Elizabeth in the 1570s and 1580s had his involvement although he was reluctant and half-hearted in their execution. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. Many northern nobles were still committed Catholics and wanted to see the restoration of Catholicism under a Catholic monarch. This significantly committed Elizabeth to support the Dutch rebels directly against the Spanish. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. VAT reg no 816865400. Foreign Affairs. In 1568 Elizabeth also controversially stole gold from Spanish ships (which was loaned from Genoese banks to fund the Spanish army, against the Dutch rebels) that were staying at English ports. Elizabeth also felt she had no right to execute a legitimate monarch but also, executing a queen could set a dangerous precedent that could undermine her own claim to rule by Divine Right and fuel more plots against her. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. The French Catholic League signed this treaty with Philip II of Spain. Despite the failure of 1585, another attempt to colonise Virginia took place. This led to a rampage of Spanish soldiers and the sacking of Antwerp. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. Norfolk was also expected to marry Mary. Which three countries were a threat to England and Elizabeth? VAT reg no 816865400. Her first husband, Francis II, had died in December 1560. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Foreign threat: Spain and France were the most powerful countries in Europe and were Catholic. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. I think I'm about to officially choose the Uni im going to but I'm not 100% sur, HELP, Official Imperial College 2023 Undergraduate Applicants Thread, Official Cambridge Postgraduate Applicants 2023 Thread, Plucking Serene Dreams From Golden Trees. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts.
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