Abramovici A, Gandley RE, Clifton RG, et al. Fowler AA, 3rd, Syed AA, Knowlson S, et al. 2011;162(2):246-253. 1986;6:365-406. Several cross-sectional studies have reported an inverse association between vitamin C status and blood lead concentration. Klingelhoeffer C, Kammerer U, Koospal M, et al. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. Breast Cancer Res Treat. The relation between gastric vitamin C concentrations, mucosal histology, and CagA seropositivity in the human stomach. Michels AJ, Hagen TM, Frei B. Divergent effects of alpha-tocopherol and vitamin C on the generation of dysfunctional HDL associated with diabetes and the Hp 2-2 genotype. The trial did not examine the effect of vitamin C on other outcomes associated with gout (122). Hemila H. Vitamin C and common cold-induced asthma: a systematic review and statistical analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. Carr AC, Rosengrave PC, Bayer S, Chambers S, Mehrtens J, Shaw GM. It is also a common post-cardiac surgery complication, leading to an increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity (e.g., heart failure, stroke) and mortality. Limitations inherent to dietary assessment methodology, such as recall bias, measurement error, and residual confounding, may account for some of the inconsistent associations between vitamin C intake and CHD risk. Bowman GL, Dodge H, Frei B, et al. Faseb J. 2005;135(7):1673-1677. Vitamin C and A1c relationship in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006. Br J Nutr. A 2013 systematic review identified 11 randomized controlled studies that evaluated the effect of vitamin C on asthma (eight trials) or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (three trials) (180). Food Nutr Res. See also the section on Sepsis in the Symposium on Vitamin CPart of the LPIs 9th International Conference on Diet and Optimum Health. (PubMed), 157. PLoS One. Milei J, Forcada P, Fraga CG, et al. Heinen MM, Verhage BA, Goldbohm RA, van den Brandt PA. Intake of vegetables, fruits, carotenoids and vitamins C and E and pancreatic cancer risk in The Netherlands Cohort Study. The majority of large, population-based studies examining the relationship of vitamin C intake or supplementation with AD incidence have reported null results (100). J Rheumatol. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. Zhang S, Hunter DJ, Forman MR, et al. Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a weakened blood vessel ruptures and bleeds into the surrounding brain tissue. Linus Pauling Institute 2012;37(1):4-16. A much larger study of 19,578 people, including 4,214 children from 6 to 16 years of age, found higher serum vitamin C concentrations to be associated with significantly lower blood lead concentrations (182). Intakes of vitamins A, C, and E and use of multiple vitamin supplements and risk of colon cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. 2006;114(3):350-354. 2017;21(1):300. If you wish to check foods for their vitamin C content, search USDA's FoodData Central. 2002;56(1):53-56. Periprocedural myocardial injury that occurs in up to one-third of patients undergoing otherwise uncomplicated angioplasty increases the risk of morbidity and mortality at follow-up. 2017;151(6):1229-1238. Taylor EN, Stampfer MJ, Curhan GC. (PubMed), 122. With respect to vitamin C and cerebrovascular disease, a prospective cohort study that followed more than 2,000 residents of a rural Japanese community for 20 years found that the risk of stroke in those with the highest serum concentrations of vitamin C was 29% lower than in those with the lowest serum concentrations of vitamin C (57). 1977;2(6084):437-438. 2008;300(18):2123-2133. J Am Soc Nephrol. Retrospective in vitro colony formation assays revealed that patient leukemic cells displayed variable sensitivity to vitamin C treatment: leukemic cells from seven out of the nine patients who experienced a significant clinical benefit were sensitive to vitamin C in vitro (i.e., "responders"); the leukemic cells from the remaining six patients were not sensitive to vitamin C (i.e., "non-responders"). Arthritis Res Ther. Ester-C should not be confused with ascorbyl palmitate, which is also marketed as "vitamin C ester" (see below). Ann Thorac Surg. Serum antioxidant nutrients, vitamin A, and mortality in U.S. 2004;80(6):1508-1520. (PubMed), 146. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use. (PubMed), 49. This is typically observed at doses between 200 to 400 mg/day in healthy young adults, with some degree of individual variation (23, 24). http://practicingmedicinewithoutalicense.com/protocol/excerpt_chp7.pdf He received a patent on his work. As mentioned previously, the body produces collagen from lysine and proline. Results from 7,277 participants in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2004 indicated that an estimated 7.1% of individuals ages 6 years were deficient in vitamin Cbased on serum vitamin C concentrations <11.4 mol/L (36). (PubMed), 134. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Yet, plasma concentrations of vitamin C 50 mol/L are sufficient to saturate muscle tissue vitamin C. There is also some limited evidence suggesting that individuals who carry certain polymorphisms in genes involved in vitamin C transport and detoxification mechanisms may have lower plasma vitamin C concentrations even with high vitamin C intakes (see also Vascular complications of diabetes mellitus) (reviewed in 27). Trials. Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases. In response to invading microorganisms, phagocytic leukocytes release non-specific toxins, such as superoxide radicals, hypochlorous acid ("bleach"), and peroxynitrite; these reactive oxygen species kill pathogens and, in the process, can damage the leukocytes themselves (15). The Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function [VCSIP] study is an ongoing trial designed to confirm these preliminary observations using more accurate measurements of pulmonary function in a larger sample of women randomized to receive supplemental vitamin C or placebo (96). The information on dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages contained on this website does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, and interactions. Overall, evidence suggesting specific drugs can lower blood vitamin C concentrations in humans is limited. McEvoy CT, Schilling D, Clay N, et al. The protocol also limited microvascular dysfunction (i.e., improved microcirculatory perfusion) and improved left ventricular ejection fraction at discharge (on day 84) (138, 139). (PubMed), 150. Wandzilak TR, D'Andre SD, Davis PA, Williams HE. 1951;113:628-631. (PubMed), 62. 2003;170(2 Pt 1):397-401. Cameron E, Pauling L. Supplemental ascorbate in the supportive treatment of cancer: Prolongation of survival times in terminal human cancer. (PubMed), 53. Linus Pauling Institute (PubMed). The effectiveness of antioxidant vitamins C and E in reducing myocardial infarct size in patients subjected to percutaneous coronary angioplasty (PREVEC Trial): study protocol for a pilot randomized double-blind controlled trial. In the Swedish Mammography Cohort, overweight women who consumed an average of 110 mg/day of vitamin C had a 39% lower risk of breast cancer compared to overweight women who consumed an average of 31 mg/day (66). Brubacher D, Moser U, Jordan P. Vitamin C concentrations in plasma as a function of intake: a meta-analysis. 2015;20(2):210-223. A 2013 meta-analysis of 53 placebo-controlled trials evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the incidence, duration, or severity of the common cold when taken as a continuous daily supplement (43 trials) or as therapy upon onset of cold symptoms (10 trials) (178). Liu C, Russell RM. 2013;33:45-70. Vitamin C deficiency in the brain impairs cognition, increases amyloid accumulation and deposition, and oxidative stress in APP/PSEN1 and normally aging mice. The European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Norfolk prospective cohort study investigated the relationship between vitamin C status and incident heart failure in healthy adults (9,187 men and 11,112 women, aged 58.1+/-9.2 years) (49). 1999;69(6):1086-1107. (PubMed). Freeman; 1970. Anitra C. Carr, Ph.D. Arch Intern Med. Website https://www.paulingtherapy.comPauling Therapy for Heart Disease:-Vitamin C 12,000 mg-Lysine 6,000 mg-Proline 2,000 mg Cardiovasc Res. Pfister R, Sharp SJ, Luben R, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Other trials also failed to show any evidence of an effect of vitamin C on the risk of stroke. Some people find them less irritating to the gastrointestinal tract than ascorbic acid. Anderson R, Oosthuizen R, Maritz R, Theron A, Van Rensburg AJ. J Natl Cancer Inst. Similarly, higher serum vitamin C concentrations were associated with decreased risks of cancer-specific and all-cause mortality in 16,008 adults from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) III (1994-1998) (129). 1996;93(8):3704-3709. *Source of intake should be from foods or formula only. 2008;26(3):297-304. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Corvallis, Oregon 97331, phone: 541-737-5075 | fax: 541-737-5077 2010;103(9):1251-1259. 2018;9:1182. Annu Rev Nutr. (PubMed), 137. Vitamin C in plasma is inversely related to blood pressure and change in blood pressure during the previous year in young Black and White women. Front Oncol. Hong SW, Lee SH, Moon JH, et al. If you suffer from an acute deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and other nutrients, your body stops producing collagen. Myint PK, Luben RN, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. 2007;83(11):707-711. Michels KB, Holmberg L, Bergkvist L, Ljung H, Bruce A, Wolk A. Dietary antioxidant vitamins, retinol, and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women. (PubMed), 90. High-dose of vitamin C supplementation reduces amyloid plaque burden and ameliorates pathological changes in the brain of 5XFAD mice. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press; 2000:95-185. Intravenous vitamin C for cancer therapy - identifying the current gaps in our knowledge. 2013;8(2):e56803. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil. Because oxalate is a metabolite of vitamin C, there is some concern that high vitamin C intake could increase the risk of calcium oxalate kidney stones. Oregon State University, Updated in January 2006 by: In a small (n=23), open-label trial, combined supplementation with vitamin C (1,000 mg/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) to AD patients taking a cholinesterase inhibitor significantly increased antioxidant levels and decreased lipoprotein oxidation in CSF after one year, but had no effect on the clinical course of AD compared to controls (104). In a small, longitudinal biomarker study in 32 individuals with probable AD, a higher CSF-to-plasma vitamin C ratio at baseline was associated with a slower rate of cognitive decline at one year of follow-up (103). Stephenson CM, Levin RD, Spector T, Lis CG. Sisto T, Paajanen H, Metsa-Ketela T, Harmoinen A, Nordback I, Tarkka M. Pretreatment with antioxidants and allopurinol diminishes cardiac onset events in coronary artery bypass grafting. Specifically, the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study collected data on dietary and supplemental vitamin C intake every four years in 45,619 male health professionals (ages 40-75 years) (198). Diabet Med. Molecular Biology of the Cell. 66 auditorium with a talk on Vitamin C and Heart Disease. (PubMed), 179. Clinically insignificant effect of supplemental vitamin C on serum urate in patients with gout: a pilot randomized controlled trial. One trial found that vitamin C supplementation (1 g/day) for 14 weeks reduced the risk of asthma attacks precipitated by respiratory infection. (PubMed), 113. A meta-analysis of 36 studies on the relationship between vitamin C intake and plasma concentrations found that the elderly require a substantially higher daily intake of vitamin C to attain plasma concentrations that younger adults achieve at a lower intake. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Smoking and respiratory conditions in pregnancy: associations with adverse pregnancy outcomes. In contrast, observational studies reported lower plasma vitamin C concentrations in AD patients compared to cognitively healthy subjects (101)and found better cognitive function or lower risk of cognitive impairment with higher plasma vitamin C (100). 2005;17(3):341-345. The role of increased oxidative stress in the occurrence of vascular complications in subjects with diabetes has led to hypothesis that higher intakes of antioxidant nutrients could help lower the risk of CVD in diabetic subjects (144). Vitamin C has been shown to increase interferon production in vitro(17). Tower drink mixes replace handfuls of pills and are made with pharmaceutical-grade, bioidentical ingredients. (PubMed), 155. The information is made available with the understanding that the author and publisher are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services on this site. A more recent randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial has been designed to examine the effect of vitamin C and vitamin E administration on ischemia-reperfusion damage in 99 patients with acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angioplasty (132). 1972;177(4043):65-68. Cancer Cell. At the Linus Pauling Institute, we have based our vitamin C recommendations on the current body of scientific evidence, which is significantly greater than it was at Pauling's time but remains incomplete owing to the many diverse functions of vitamin C in the human body that have yet to be fully understood. Because systemic inflammatory responses involve excessive oxidative stress, it has been suggested that providing antioxidant nutrients like vitamin C may improve the outcome of critically ill patients in intensive care units. (PubMed), 50. 2001;21(3):235-237. The results of this study also indicated that supplemental vitamin C may be helpful in the prevention of gout (119). Pauling L. The immune system. 2001;98(17):9842-9846. Vitamin C treatment substantially reduced the incidence of periprocedural myocardial injury, as assessed by a reduction in the concentrations of two markers of myocardial injury, namely creatine kinase and troponin-I (131). Although ascorbyl palmitate is also available as an oral supplement, most of it is likely hydrolyzed to ascorbic acid and palmitic acid in the digestive tract before it is absorbed (189). $54.95 Add: Max: 12 Cardio-C XL Pauling-therapy Drink Mix (60 Servings) The Cardio-C XL (Pauling-therapy) drink mix provides Linus Pauling's specific Vitamin C and Lysine recommendations per the Unified Theory of. Liability for individual actions or omissions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed. 2004;27(4):925-930. Vitamin C also limited endothelial dysfunction that was experimentally induced in healthy volunteers (39). There is some evidence, though controversial, that vitamin C interacts with anticoagulant medications like warfarin (Coumadin). For instance, in a study of 747 older men, blood lead concentration was significantly higher in those who reported total dietary vitamin C intakes averaging less than 109 mg/day compared to those with higher vitamin C intakes (181). (PubMed), 181. The work of Linus Pauling stimulated public interest in the use of doses greater than 1 g/day of vitamin C to prevent the common cold (177). Vitamin C requirements are likely to be increased in this population due to the hypermetabolic response driven by the systemic inflammatory reaction (152, 153). Stroke. Al-Khudairy L, Flowers N, Wheelhouse R, et al. ACS Chem Neurosci. (PubMed), 189. 2010;91(2):487-493. Therefore, the Linus Pauling Institute's intake recommendation of 400 mg/day of vitamin C for generally healthy adults takes into account the currently available epidemiological, biochemical, and clinical evidence, while acknowledging the extremely low toxicity of vitamin C and the incomplete information regarding optimum intake. A meta-analysis of 29 small randomized controlled trials of short durations (median duration, 8 weeks) in 1,407 participants (10 to 120 subjects per trial; including both normotensive and hypertensive subjects) found that daily supplementation with 60 to 4,000 mg of vitamin C (median dose, 500 mg) reduced systolic blood pressure by 3.84 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure by 1.48 mm Hg (45). 2014;15:192. (PubMed), 172. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. Calcium in this form appears to be reasonably well absorbed. Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function (VCSIP): Rationale, design, and methods of a randomized, controlled trial of vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy for the primary prevention of effects of in utero tobacco smoke exposure on infant lung function and respiratory health. 307 Linus Pauling Science Center (PubMed), 140. 2005;4:5. On the other hand, two other large prospective studies reported that a high intake of vitamin C was associated with an increased risk of kidney stone formation in men (198, 199). Vitamin E and C supplementation and risk of cancer in men: posttrial follow-up in the Physicians' Health Study II randomized trial. Biofactors. There is a need for larger, longer-duration phase II clinical trials that test the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in disease progression and overall survival (176). Nutr Rev. (PubMed), 42. Am J Obstet Gynecol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2010;70(14):5749-5758. Dixit S, Bernardo A, Walker JM, et al. Clin Chem Lab Med. Supplementation with vitamin C had no effect on the overall risk of cancer or on the risk of prostate, bladder, or pancreatic cancer; there was a marginal reduction in colorectal cancer incidence with vitamin C compared to placebo (82). Another large, multi-center, prospective studythe Womens Health Initiativethat followed 154,363 postmenopausal women for 11 years found that dietary and supplemental vitamin C intake at baseline was inversely associated with diffuse B-cell lymphoma, a subtype of NHL (81). These enzymes are either monooxygenases or dioxygenases (see Table 1). Sesso HD, Buring JE, Christen WG, et al. Carr AC, Bozonet SM, Pullar JM, Simcock JW, Vissers MC. Ramos C, Brito R, Gonzalez-Montero J, et al. Linus Pauling's Basic Vitamin Advice is Centered on Vitamin C, and adds: Vitamin E - 800 to 3200 iu Per Doctor Sinatra's Miracle of CoQ10 book, an epidemiological WHO study showed that heart attack is 70% more likely in people with low blood levels of vitamin E, than in people with high blood pressure or high choleserol. In another randomized, double-blind, controlled trial in 28 critically ill patients with septic shock, infusion of 25 mg of vitamin C per kg every six hours for 72 hours significantly limited the requirement to vasopressor norepinephrinedecreasing both the dose and duration of treatmentand dramatically improved the 28-day survival rate (155). (PubMed), 183. Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, et al. Stability of vitamin C derivatives in solution and topical formulations. 2018;20(2):145-166. Nutrients. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body. 2013;1(5):e239-240. The effect of vitamin C, alone or with allopurinol, decreasing serum uric acid was modest and much less than that of allopurinol alone. 195. SVCT-2 in breast cancer acts as an indicator for L-ascorbate treatment. Also after Pauling passed, Life Extension reported on Japanese research showing that vitamin K has hormone-like properties, which help move calcium from soft tissue into bones. Three meta-analyses of prospective cohort studies and randomized controlled trials have reported an overall reduction in the risk of post-operative atrial fibrillation following administration of primarily oral vitamin C (140-142). In contrast, a 2014 meta-analysis of 10 prospective cohort studies in 17,696 women with breast cancer found a lower risk of total and breast cancer-specific mortality with higher supplemental and dietary vitamin C intakes (126). Vitamin C: should we supplement? Plasma vitamin C concentrations predict risk of incident stroke over 10 y in 20 649 participants of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer Norfolk prospective population study. Although liposomal encapsulation could increase vitamin C bioavailability, plasma vitamin C concentrations were much lower than those achieved with intravenous vitamin C administration (190). Linus Pauling, Ph.D. (1901-1994), was the only person ever to win two unshared Nobel prizes. We have long recommended vitamin K be added to Pauling's basic vitamin C and lysine protocol for this reason. Conversely, a 2008 meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies concluded that dietary, but not supplemental, vitamin C intake was inversely related to CHD risk (47). Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study. In contrast, trials are intervention studies that can establish a causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome, e.g., by evaluating the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the incidence of chronic disease in participants randomly assigned to receive either vitamin C or placebo for a given length of time. Although intravenous vitamin C administration appears to be safe and well tolerated, there is a non-negligible risk of oxalate nephropathy (a rare cause of kidney failure) in these critically ill patients (157). Toward a new recommended dietary allowance for vitamin C based on antioxidant and health effects in humans. Environ Health Perspect. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. 2010;126(6):1504-1512. 2008;19(11):1969-1974. 33. (PubMed), 25. [Your name] is not affiliated or endorsed by the Linus Pauling Institute or Oregon State University. (PubMed), 197. Nutr Metab Insights. 2014;235(1):9-20. Production of both collagen and elastin requires vitamin C, lysine and proline. People with impaired kidney function may be at risk for aluminum toxicity when supplemental vitamin C is taken at the same time as these compounds (200, 201). Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. J Urol. (PubMed), 79 Park Y, Spiegelman D, Hunter DJ, et al. Atrial fibrillation:Atrial fibrillation is the most common type of cardiac arrhythmia. Linus Pauling recommended at least 3000mg of vitamin C per day as a preventive dose, and significantly higher levels of both vitamin C and lysine for the treatment of existing heart disease. In the second prospective cohort study, the Diet, Cancer and Health Study, 55,543 Danish adults (ages 50-64 years) were questioned at baseline about their lifestyle, diet, and supplement use during the previous 12 months (125). Pharmacol Rep. 2010;62(4):751-756. BMC Ophthalmol. The heart muscle may become oxygen-deprived (ischemic) as the result of myocardial infarction or with aortic clamping during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. (PubMed), 65. We currently do not know how much vitamin C is required to achieve saturation of cells and tissues in children, older adults, and diseased or stressed individuals. Kuiper C, Molenaar IG, Dachs GU, Currie MJ, Sykes PH, Vissers MC. However, leukocyte vitamin C concentration does not accurately reflect vitamin C in several tissues and may specifically underestimate vitamin C uptake into skeletal muscle (26). The distribution of ascorbic acid between various cellular components of blood, in normal individuals, and its relation to the plasma concentration. (PubMed), 120. 2014;5:e1083. (PubMed), 139. (PubMed), 4 Young JI, Zuchner S, Wang G. Regulation of the epigenome by vitamin C. Annu Rev Nutr. 307 Linus Pauling Science Center (PubMed), 59. Pocobelli G, Peters U, Kristal AR, White E. Use of supplements of multivitamins, vitamin C, and vitamin E in relation to mortality. Gastric Cancer. (PubMed), 37. P R Health Sci J. Br Med J. 2007;54(73):320-324. Diabetes Care. (PubMed), 207. P R Health Sci J. 2001;292(5524):2083-2086. Comparison of the absorption and excretion of three commercially available sources of vitamin C. J Am Diet Assoc. Neutrophils, mononuclear phagocytes, and lymphocytes accumulate vitamin C to high concentrations, which can protect these cell types from oxidative damage(12-14). (PubMed), 63. However, studies conducted in humans found no differences in bioavailability of vitamin C from flavonoid-rich whole fruit or fruit juice and synthetic vitamin C (reviewed in 186). Carr AC, Pullar JM, Bozonet SM, Vissers MC. In a 1974 radio interview, he noted that "the first 250 mg is more important than any later 250 mg. 2014;100(3):915-923. (PubMed), 95. Bergsten P, Amitai G, Kehrl J, Dhariwal KR, Klein HG, Levine M. Millimolar concentrations of ascorbic acid in purified human mononuclear leukocytes. (PubMed), 111. (PubMed), 102. Plasma vitamin C level, fruit and vegetable consumption, and the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: the European prospective investigation of cancer--Norfolk prospective study. 1995;59(6):1519-1523. (PubMed), 116. They demonstrated in guinea pigs, which do not internally produce vitamin C as most other mammals do, that lipoprotein-a take the place of ascorbate (vitamin C) in arterial walls, weakening them . 2010;341:c4229. BMC Complement Altern Med. Shock. A 2018 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes found that most improvement in markers of oxidative stress and blood glucose control could be attributed to vitamin E(145). Present Knowledge in Nutrition. Phase I safety trial of intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with severe sepsis. 1986;104(5):753-755. Arthritis Rheum. Because high doses of vitamin C have also been found to interfere with the interpretation of certain laboratory tests (e.g., serum bilirubin, serum creatinine, and the stool guaiac assay for occult blood), it is important to inform one's health care provider of any recent supplement use. Front Physiol. A similar finding was obtained in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in which combined supplementation with vitamin C (500 mg/day), vitamin E (800 IU/day), and -lipoic acid (900 mg/day) for 16 weeks reduced lipoprotein oxidation in CSF but elicited no clinical benefit in individuals with mild-to-moderate AD (n=78) (105). An eight-week, open-label, controlled trial randomized 40 subjects with gout to receive either allopurinol (standard-of-care), vitamin C, or both treatments (122). (PubMed), 107. A 2011 meta-analysis of 13 randomized controlled trials in healthy individuals with elevated serum uric acid revealed that vitamin C supplementation (a median dose of 500 mg/day for a median duration of 30 days) modestly reduced serum uric acid concentrations by 0.35 mg/dL compared to placebo(120).
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