Dorcas, M. E., J. D. Willson, R. N. Reed, R. W. Snow, M. R. Rochford, M. A. Miller, W. E. Meshaka, P. T. Andreadis, F. J. Mazzotti, C. M. Romagosa, and K. M. Hart, 2012: Severe mammal declines coincide with proliferation of invasive Burmese pythons in Everglades National Park. Wise, S., 2017: Virginia Governor declares state of emergency ahead of Hurricane Irma.. to development pressure on the coast and immediately inland as people move to find jobs in the tourism-related service industries. Columbia University Press, New York,. doi: Smee, D. L., J. In the Southeast region, changing fire regimes (defined by factors including frequency, intensity, size, pattern, season, and severity) are expected to have a large impact on natural systems. Ellison, A. M., M. S. Bank, B. D. Clinton, E. A. Colburn, K. Elliott, C. R. Ford, D. R. Foster, B. D. Kloeppel, J. D. Knoepp, G. M. Lovett, J. Mohan, D. A. Orwig, N. L. Rodenhouse, W. V. Sobczak, K. A. Stinson, J. K. Stone, C. M. Swan, J. Thompson, B. De Jess Crespo, R., P. Mndez Lzaro, and S. H. Yee, 2018: Linking wetland ecosystem services to vector-borne disease: Dengue fever in the San Juan Bay Estuary, Puerto Rico. Pederson, N., A. W. D'Amato, J. M. Dyer, D. R. Foster, D. Goldblum, J. L. Hart, A. E. Hessl, L. R. Iverson, S. T. Jackson, D. Martin-Benito, B. C. McCarthy, R. W. McEwan, D. J. Mladenoff, A. J. Parker, B. Shuman, and J. W. Williams, 2015: Climate remains an important driver of post-European vegetation change in the eastern United States. U.S. Geological Survey, Center for Coastal Geology, St. Petersburg, FL, various pp. The size of a business operation and the markets it can sell to impact its effectiveness and efficiency. Kennedy, J. P., M. W. Pil, C. E. Proffitt, W. A. Boeger, A. M. Stanford, and D. J. Devlin, 2016: Postglacial expansion pathways of red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle, in the Caribbean Basin and Florida. Pierce, D. W., D. R. Cayan, and B. L. Thrasher, 2014: Statistical downscaling using Localized Constructed Analogs (LOCA). Osland, M. J., L. C. Feher, K. T. Griffith, K. C. Cavanaugh, N. M. Enwright, R. H. Day, C. L. Stagg, K. W. Krauss, R. J. Howard, J. Washington, DC, 97 pp. Prosperity in the coastal region is uneven, with some communities still struggling to make economic gains since the Great Recession of the late 2000s. Prior to identifying critical issues for the Southeast assessment focuses for the Fourth National Climate Assessment (NCA4), the Chapter Lead (CL) contacted numerous professional colleagues representing various geographic areas (e.g., Florida, Louisiana, and South Carolina) for expert opinions on critical climate change related issues impacting the region, with a particular emphasis on emerging issues since the Third National Climate Assessment (NCA3) effort.77 Following those interviews, the CL concluded that the most pressing climate change issues to focus on for the NCA4 effort were extreme events, flooding (both from rainfall and sea level rise), wildfire, health issues, ecosystems, and adaptation actions. Boon, J. D., 2012: Evidence of sea level acceleration at U.S. and Canadian tide stations, Atlantic Coast, North America. There is high confidence that climate change (e.g., rising temperatures, changing fire regimes, rising sea levels, and more extreme rainfall and drought) will very likely affect agricultural and forest products industries, potentially resulting in economic impacts. Upper Coastal Plain In the future, this flooding is projected to become more serious, disruptive, and costly as its frequency, depth, and inland extent grow with time (Ch. NOAA Technical Report NESDIS 149. If he adds one additional crew member, he wont increase his landings. doi: Cavanaugh, K. C., J. D. Parker, S. C. Cook-Patton, I. C. Feller, A. P. Williams, and J. R. Kellner, 2015: Integrating physiological threshold experiments with climate modeling to project mangrove species' range expansion. U.S. Provancha, M. J., P. A. Schmalzer, and C. R. Hall, 1986: Effects of the December 1983 and January 1985 freezing air temperatures on select aquatic poikilotherms and plant species of Merritt Island, Florida. B., B. H. Lidz, J. H. Hudson, and J. S. Anderson, 2015: A century of ocean warming on Florida Keys coral reefs: Historic in situ observations. Isle de Jean Charles, LA, accessed October 17. They are found in the different sub-regions called: Post Oak-Belt, Piney Woods, and the Blackland Prairies. See how our specially formulated colorants can help differentiate your brand, Learn about Avient's liquid fiber additives and colorants for spun-dyed fibers, Improve the aesthetics, sustainability, performance and processing of your next project, 2021 All Rights Reserved. While well known for agriculture and forestry, rural areas also support manufacturing and tourism.250, In 2013, approximately 34% of the U.S. manufacturing output, or about $700 billion (dollar year not reported), came from the Southeast and Texas, including rural areas.255 While manufacturing growth has been particularly strong in the Southeast in recent years, future climate changes would pose challenges for economic competitiveness. In Impacts, Risks, and Adaptation in the United States: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume II [Reidmiller, D.R., C.W. What is the industry for Atlantic Coastal Plain? B. C. Jackson, 2017: Ghost reefs: Nautical charts document large spatial scale of coral reef loss over 240 years. FEMA, 2016: Community Rating System (CRS) Communities and Their Classes. Sea level rise is contributing to increased coastal flooding in the Southeast, and high tide flooding already poses daily risks to businesses, neighborhoods, infrastructure, transportation, and ecosystems in the region.1,2 There have been numerous instances of intense rainfall events that have had devastating impacts on inland communities in recent years. Jackson, S. T., R. S. Webb, K. H. Anderson, J. T. Overpeck, T. Webb III, J. W. Williams, and B. C. S. Hansen, 2000: Vegetation and environment in Eastern North America during the Last Glacial Maximum. Ecosystems, Ecosystem Services, & Biodiversity, Built Environment, Urban Systems, & Cities, Climate Effects on U.S. International Interests, Sector Interactions, Multiple Stressors, & Complex Systems, Hawaii & U.S.-Affiliated Pacific Islands, Reducing Risks Through Adaptation Actions, Reducing Risks Through Emissions Mitigation, Information in the Fourth National Climate Assessment, Scenarios for the National Climate Assessment, https://nca2018.globalchange.gov/downloads, 10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0723:ccafd]2.0.co;2, 10.1890/1540-9295(2005)003[0479:LOFSCF]2.0.CO;2, 10.1666/0094-8373(2000)26[194:ROPPAC]2.0.CO;2, 10.1371/currents.outbreaks.50dfc7f46798675fc63e7d7da563da76, 10.1890/0012-9658(1999)080[2045:SLRACF]2.0.CO;2, Strong evidence (established theory, multiple sources, consistent results, well documented and accepted methods, etc. Labor-saving technologies in both industries have reduced the need for workers. Although the agricultural output has been on the Doyle, T. W., K. W. Krauss, W. H. Conner, and A. S. From, 2010: Predicting the retreat and migration of tidal forests along the northern Gulf of Mexico under sea-level rise. Parker, L. E., and J. T. Abatzoglou, 2016: Projected changes in cold hardiness zones and suitable overwinter ranges of perennial crops over the United States. Of these events, four major inland flood events have occurred in just three years (20142016) in the Southeast, causing billions of dollars in damages and loss of life (Table 19.1 and Case Study Coastal and Inland Impacts of Extreme Rainfall).84. There are many possible future wind and cloud cover conditions for the Southeast as well as the potential for continued shifts in land-use patterns, demographics and population geography, and vehicle and power plant emissions standards. Center for Progressive Reform White Paper. However, these models do not account for adaptations that may reduce estimated losses.35,64 By the end of the century, mean annual electricity costs are estimated at $3.3 billion each year under RCP8.5 (model range: $2.4 to $4.2 billion; in 2015 dollars, undiscounted) and mean $1.2 billion each year under RCP4.5 (model range $0.9 to $1.9 billion; in 2015 dollars, undiscounted).35, Rural communities tend to be vulnerable due to factors such as demography, occupations, earnings, literacy, and poverty incidence.8,9,10,250,283,284,305 Reducing the stress created by such factors can improve resilience.9,284 The availability and accessibility of planning and health services to support coping with climate-related stresses are limited in the rural Southeast.288,289. Le Bras, A. Lemonsu, N. Long, M. P. Moine, T. Morel, L. Nolorgues, G. Pigeon, J. L. Salagnac, V. Vigui, and K. Zibouche, 2014: Adapting cities to climate change: A systemic modelling approach. Uncertainties in the range of potential future changes in multiple and concurrent facets of climate and land-use change also affect our ability to predict changes to natural systems. Infrastructure related to drinking water treatment and wastewater treatment may be compromised by climate-related events (Ch. 7: Ecosystems, Figure 7.4).179 Some problematic invasive species are expected to be favored by changing winters. Streamline your color process with standard or custom colors delivered with quick turnaround. NOAA RCC, 2017: xmACIS2 [Applied Climate Information System online tool]. Extreme drought events are expected to become more frequent and severe. Privacy Policy The Southeast includes vast expanses of coastal and inland low-lying areas, the southern portion of the Appalachian Mountains, numerous high-growth metropolitan areas, and large rural expanses. An analysis of ecological changes that have occurred in the past can help provide some context for anticipating and preparing for future ecological changes. I. Aboveground net primary productivity. Coastal Plain But floods in 1995 led to the evacuation of 250,000 people and the loss of 1 million head of cattle, inspiring planners to seek a better way to manage water. Gallo, A., 2016: Which Baton Rouge ZIP codes were hit hardest? 15: Tribes, KM 2). Arable land is laid out in strips between the sea or a river and inland swamps. Climatic conditions are currently suitable for adult mosquitoes of the species Aedes aegypti, which can spread dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, across most of the Southeast from July through September (Figure 19.6), and cities in South Florida already have suitable conditions for year-round mosquito activity. Increased access to high-quality education and workforce development programs can strengthen the labor force. Comeaux, R. S., M. A. Allison, and T. S. Bianchi, 2012: Mangrove expansion in the Gulf of Mexico with climate change: Implications for wetland health and resistance to rising sea levels. Behr, J. G., R. Diaz, and M. Mitchell, 2016: Building resiliency in response to sea level rise and recurrent flooding: Comprehensive planning in Hampton Roads. Projected labor hours lost vary by global climate model, time frame, and scenario, with a mean of 0.57 and a model range of 0.340.82 billion labor hours lost each year for RCP8.5 by 2090. Coalition of Prescribed Fire Councils, 17 pp. Cavanaugh, K. C., J. R. Kellner, A. J. Forde, D. S. Gruner, J. D. Parker, W. Rodriguez, and I. C. Feller, 2014: Poleward expansion of mangroves is a threshold response to decreased frequency of extreme cold events. Howell, B. J., 2002: Appalachian culture and environmental planning: Expanding the role of cultural sciences. B. Claydon, T. L. Metz, A. L. Gordon, A. M. Landry, D. J. Shaver, J. Blumenthal, L. Collyer, B. J. Godley, A. McGowan, M. J. Witt, C. L. Campbell, C. J. Lagueux, T. L. Bethel, and L. Kenyon, 2017: Ecological regime shift drives declining growth rates of sea turtles throughout the West Atlantic. before making use of copyrighted material. The scope and scale of adaptation efforts, which are already underway, will affect future vulnerability and risk. Lovett, H. B., S. B. Snider, K. K. Gore, and R. C. Muoz, Eds., 2016: Luce, C. H., J. M. Vose, N. Pederson, J. Campbell, C. Millar, P. Kormos, and R. Woods, 2016: Contributing factors for drought in United States forest ecosystems under projected future climates and their uncertainty. Census Bureau, 2017: Press kit: County and Metro Area Population . A far distance to markets, low population density, and an abundance of natural resources are distinguishing features of rural places. Chavez-Ramirez, F., and W. Wehtje, 2012: Potential impact of climate change scenarios on whooping crane life history. Sixty-one percent of major Southeast cities are exhibiting some aspects of worsening heat waves, which is a higher percentage than any other region of the country.12 The urban heat island effect (cities that are warmer than surrounding rural areas, especially at night) adds to the impact of heat waves in cities (Ch. Stone, 2015: Rising heat wave trends in large US cities. For example, as of 2010, Latinos made up 20.6% of the population in Duplin County, 16.5% in Sampson, and 14.3% in Greene, whereas they made up 10.2% of the population in metropolitan Wake County. Berdanier, A. September 9. Quia - Regions, Products, and Industries Abkowitz, M., J. WebIn the Coastal Plain the landforms include forests, plains and prairies. Ecosystems in the Southeast span the transition zone between tropical and temperate climates. On the coastal plains of North Carolina, the main industries are Agriculture and defense. Remote rural communities in the coastal area face fewer employment opportunities and longer distances to urban areas. Analysis of the sensitivity of some manufacturing sectors to climate changes anticipates secondary risks associated with crop and livestock productivity.64,255, Multiple analyses anticipate that energy- or water-intensive industries could face water stress and increased energy costs.8,64,255,256, A large body of evidence addresses the sensitivity of many crops grown in the Southeast to changing climate conditions including increased temperatures, decreased summer rainfall, drought, and change in the timing and duration of chill periods.7,35 Extensive research documents livestock sensitivity to heat stress.7, Multiple lines of evidence indicate that forests are likely to be impacted by changing climate, particularly moisture regimes and potential changes in wildfire activity.191,195,272,274 There is extensive research on heat-related illness and mortality among those living and working in the Southeast. The Mesa brand of liquid and solid colorants has a legacy of quality and reliability. EPA, 2015: Climate Change in the United States: Benefits of Global Action. 118. Mitchell, R. J., Y. Liu, J. J. O'Brien, K. J. Elliott, G. Starr, C. F. Miniat, and J. K. Hiers, 2014: Future climate and fire interactions in the southeastern region of the United States. Horney, J., M. Nguyen, D. Salvesen, C. Dwyer, J. Cooper, and P. Berke, 2017: Assessing the quality of rural hazard mitigation plans in the southeastern United States. (See the dark brown counties in Figure 1.). The Gulf Coastal Plains prosper Nature-Based Solutions to the Water Crisis | BCG McClenachan, L., G. O'Connor, B. P. Neal, J. M. Pandolfi, and J. Another abundant natural resource that the Coastal Plains contains is rocks and sediments that get washed up along the many rivers and streams, which are used to make cement, roads, and clay. Learn term:fishing = industry in the coastal plain region with free interactive flashcards. Gill, S. E., J. F. Handley, A. R. Ennos, and S. Pauleit, 2007: Adapting cities for climate change: The role of the green infrastructure. Starr, G., C. L. Staudhammer, H. W. Loescher, R. Mitchell, A. Whelan, J. K. Hiers, and J. J. O'Brien, 2015: Time series analysis of forest carbon dynamics: Recovery of Pinus palustris physiology following a prescribed fire. NOAAs National Weather Service (NWS) issues coastal flood advisories and warnings when water levels at tide gauges are expected to exceed flood thresholds. Eight of those counties lost more than 5% of their population during this time: Northampton (-10.1%), Washington (-9.1%), Bertie (-9.7%), Tyrrell (-8.1%), Hyde (-7.8%), Martin (-7.0%), Halifax (-6.1%) and Warren (-5.4%).1. Union of Concerned Scientists, Cambridge, MA, 64 pp. EPA 430-R-15-001. Rising sea levels and potential changes in hurricane intensity are aspects of climate change that are expected to have a tremendous effect on coastal ecosystems in the Southeast (Ch. Lal, P., J. R. R. Alavalapati, and E. D. Mercer, 2011: Socio-economic impacts of climate change on rural United States. A., S. Gill, J. Obeysekera, W. Sweet, K. Knuuti, and J. Marburger, 2016: Regional Sea Level Scenarios for Coastal Risk Management: Managing the Uncertainty of Future Sea Level Change and Extreme Water Levels for Department of Defense Coastal Sites Worldwide. Flordia Science Source, Ocala, FL,. Voiland, A., 2017: Hot water ahead for Hurricane Irma. Lower-income communities also usually have lower costs of living, which can help to offset this deficit. Oxford University Press, Oxford; New York, 432 pp. Urban Climate Change Research Network, Columbia University, New York. The U.S. Demuzere, M., K. Orru, O. Heidrich, E. Olazabal, D. Geneletti, H. Orru, A. G. Bhave, N. Mittal, E. Feliu, and M. Faehnle, 2014: Mitigating and adapting to climate change: Multi-functional and multi-scale assessment of green urban infrastructure. Avery, M. L., R. M. Engeman, K. L. Keacher, J. S. Humphrey, W. E. Bruce, T. C. Mathies, and R. E. Mauldin, 2010: Cold weather and the potential range of invasive Burmese pythons. 7: Ecosystems).136,137. 2018. North Carolina physical regions Climate change thus acts to increase the vulnerability of this plant to the existing stressors. Davis, M. B., and R. G. Shaw, 2001: Range shifts and adaptive responses to quaternary climate change. The Tribes experience highlights how success can be achieved when at-risk communities are engaged in the resettlement planning process from the beginning to ensure long-term successful relocation and maintain community integrity.80 It also highlights an opportunity for institutions to evolve in more flexible ways to accommodate the growing number of communities that may need to relocate. Sakai, A., and W. Larcher, 1987: Frost Survival of Plants: Responses and Adaptation to Freezing Stress. With wildfire projected to increase in the Southeast,6,191 prescribed fire (the purposeful ignition of low-intensity fires in a controlled setting), remains the most effective tool for reducing wildfire risk.4,195 Department of Defense (DoD) lands represent the largest reservoirs of biodiversity and native ecosystems in the region.117 Military activities are a frequent source of wildfires, but increases in prescribed fire acres (Figure 19.19) show a corresponding decrease in wildfire ignitions for DoD.4 Climate resilience by DoD is further achieved through restoration of native longleaf pine forests that occupy a wide range of site types, including wetland and well-drained soilsthe latter leading many to characterize this forest as being drought resistant.196,197,198,199 In addition to proactive adaptation through prescribed fire, DoD has been a leader in climate strategies that include regional conservation planning, ecosystem management, endangered species recovery, and research funding.
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