"Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)" in. Religion played an important role in the Spanish conquest and incorporation of indigenous peoples, bringing them into the Catholic Church peacefully or by force. [162], The life of seventeenth-century Mexican nun, Sor Juana Ins de la Cruz, renowned in her lifetime, has been portrayed in a 1990 Argentine film, I, the Worst of All[163] and in a TV miniseries Juana Ins. There is debate about the impact of ranching on the environment in the colonial era, with sheep herding being called out for its negative impact, while others contest that. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa Mara la Antigua del Darin. [82], The conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires ended their sovereignty over their respective territorial expanses, replaced by the Spanish Empire, and indigenous religious beliefs and practices were suppressed and populations converted to Christianity. Is there any instances where the Spaniards conquered places to spread religious belief?? Patterns of the first Spanish settlements in the Caribbean were to endure there and had a lasting impact on the Spanish Empire. Simmons, Marc, The Last Conquistador: Juan de Oate and the Settling of the Far Southwest, University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1991, book title. [18][19], It wasn't until[when?] The early Caribbean proved a massive disappointment for Spaniards, who had hoped to find mineral wealth and exploitable indigenous populations. [140] In the Andes, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo revived the indigenous rotary labor system of the mita to supply labor for silver mining. [c] Shortly after founding Santa Fe, Oate was recalled to Mexico City by the Spanish authorities. Direct link to trell2267's post Why didn't the spanish ju, Posted 3 years ago. The first two were in the Alto Per, present-day Bolivia, at Charcas (present day Sucre, 25 May), and La Paz (16 July); and the third in present-day Ecuador at Quito (10 August). Respect was out of the question then, as now, when people of one race consider themselves to be superior to people of other races. The last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572. [106] Until the eighteenth century, there were just two viceroyalties, with the Viceroyalty of New Spain (founded 1535) administering North America, a portion of the Caribbean, and the Philippines, and the viceroyalty of Peru (founded 1542) having jurisdiction over Spanish South America. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, p.89. The officials of the royal treasury at each level of government typically included two to four positions: a tesorero (treasurer), the senior official who guarded money on hand and made payments; a contador (accountant or comptroller), who recorded income and payments, maintained records, and interpreted royal instructions; a factor, who guarded weapons and supplies belonging to the king, and disposed of tribute collected in the province; and a veedor (overseer), who was responsible for contacts with native inhabitants of the province, and collected the king's share of any war booty. [citation needed] The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, such as smallpox and measles,[136] although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. That expedition was to make world history. There were few permanent settlements, but Spaniards settled the coastal islands of Cubagua and Margarita to exploit the pearl beds. In Mexico, refining took place in haciendas de minas, where silver ore was refined into pure silver by amalgamation with mercury in what was known as the patio process. [51] Like previous conquistadors, Oate engaged in widespread abuses of the Indian population. The Mixtecs of colonial Oaxaca: udzahui history, sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. Important ones include Santiago de Guatemala (1524); Puebla (1531); Quertaro (ca. Ida Altman, S.L. Showing the indigenous sides are Xicotencatl, a leader of the Spaniards' Tlaxcalan allies, and Aztec emperors Moctezuma II and Cuitlahuac. The first expansion of territory was the conquest of the Muslim Emirate of Granada on 1 January 1492, the culmination of the Christian Reconquest of the Iberian peninsula, held by the Muslims since 711. Which statement accurately describes Spanish colonization in the New World A. Columbus made four voyages to the West Indies as the monarchs granted Columbus vast powers of governance over this unknown part of the world. Direct link to David Alexander's post Leaving native people alo, Posted 5 years ago. Hispanic American Historical Review 50.4 (1970): 645-664. Mining regions in both Mexico were remote, outside the zone of indigenous settlement in central and southern Mexico Mesoamerica, but mines in Zacatecas (founded 1548) and Guanajuato (founded 1548) were key hubs in the colonial economy. [80], The indigenous populations in the Caribbean became the focus of the crown in its roles as sovereigns of the empire and patron of the Catholic Church. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which of the following was a primary feature of social relations established in the Spanish colonies in the Western Hemisphere?, In their colonization of the Americas, the Spanish used the encomienda system to, Which of the following statements about the population of North America at the time of Christopher Columbus' voyages is . Q4 . [137][138][139], The largest population in Spanish America was and remained indigenous, what Spaniards called "Indians" (indios), a category that did not exist before the arrival of the Europeans. Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted. He strongly influenced the formulation of colonial policy under the Catholic Monarchs, and was instrumental in establishing the Casa de Contratacin (House of Trade) (1503), which enabled crown control over trade and immigration. "Peace by purchase" ended the conflict. Hispanic American Historical Review, vol. [54], The Columbian Exchange was as significant as the clash of civilizations. Ore was crushed with the aid of mules and then mercury could be applied to draw out the pure silver. Don Martn was sent into exile, while other conspirators were executed. 1875. New York: Cambridge University Press 1994. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1971 (, Kuethe, Allan J. A key to this was the cooperation between most indigenous elites with the new ruling structure. Therefore, the mountains were a they acted as a barrier to further settlement to the west. American colonies, also called thirteen colonies or colonial America, the 13 British colonies that were established during the 17th and early 18th centuries in what is now a part of the eastern United States. The correct statements regarding the culture and geography of Latin America are as follows - . "Viceroyalty, Viceroy" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_and_mexicpo_is_the_best_History_and_Culture1996 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockhartSchwartz1983 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennassar2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibson1966 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAltmanClineJavier_Pescador2003 (, Ramrez, Susan E. "Missions: Spanish America" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1993 (, Don, Patricia Lopes. A number of friars in the early period came to the vigorous defense of the indigenous populations, who were new converts to Christianity. Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary), The Aztecs witnessed the smallpox epidemic's destruction personally, and this was described in the Florentine Codex. [8][9] For the conquest era, two names of Spaniards are generally known because they led the conquests of high indigenous civilizations, Hernn Corts, leader of the expedition that conquered the Aztecs of Central Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro, leader of the conquest of the Inca in Peru. [3] Alarmed by the precipitous fall in indigenous populations and reports of settlers' exploitation of their labor, the crown put in place laws to protect their newly converted indigenous vassals. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. I think the Span, Posted 2 years ago. The British Empire offered support, wanting to end the Spanish monopoly on trade with its colonies in the Americas. The Franciscans took over some former Jesuit missions and continued the expansion of areas incorporated into the empire. The Biological Exchange, also called the Columbian Exchange, was a global transfer of plants, such as Native American corn and potatoes, and animals, such as European horses, that revolutionized agriculture and hunting in both Europe and the Americas. The crown relied on ecclesiastics as important councilors and royal officials in the governance of their overseas territories. In the early 19th century, the Spanish American wars of independence resulted in the secession of most of Spanish America and the establishment of independent nations. Figure 1. A well-connected settler in Cuba, Hernn Corts received authorization in 1519 by the governor of Cuba to form an expedition of exploration-only to this far western region. Stanford: Stanford University Press 1992. The veedor, or overseer, position quickly disappeared in most jurisdictions, subsumed into the position of factor. Columbus had promised the crown that the region he now controlled held a huge treasure in the form of gold and spices. Direct link to 21HernandezRa28's post What are some specific ex, Posted 3 years ago. [65] In addition, the Casa de Contratacin took charge of the fiscal organization, and of the organization and judicial control of the trade with the Indies. Since their appointments were for life or the pleasure of the monarch, they had a continuity of power and authority that viceroys and captains-general lacked because of their shorter-term appointments. These governorates, also called as provinces, were the basic of the territorial government of the Indies,[67] and arose as the territories were conquered and colonized. A social system in which class status is determined at birth. In 1821 Treaty of Crdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. Spanish settlement in Mexico largely replicated the organization of the area in preconquest times while in Peru, the center of the Incas was too far south, too remote, and at too high an altitude for the Spanish capital. The Mapuche people of Chile, whom the Spaniards called Araucanians, resisted fiercely. [130] He then founded the settlement of La Isabela on the island they named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). "Cook, Sherburne F. 1976b. Each order set up networks of parishes in the various regions (provinces), sited in existing indigenous settlements, where Christian churches were built and where evangelization of the indigenous was based. Gold existed in only small amounts, and the indigenous peoples died off in massive numbers. [103] Based in Castile, with the assignment of the governance of the Indies, it was thus responsible for drafting legislation, proposing the appointments to the King for civil government as well as ecclesiastical appointments, and pronouncing judicial sentences; as maximum authority in the overseas territories, the Council of the Indies took over both the institutions in the Indies as the defense of the interests of the Crown, the Catholic Church, and of indigenous peoples. Instituto Bibliogrfico Mexicano 1961, Gibson, Charles. North America's Indigenous peoples preserved their cultures and dignity through this period, despite facing violent dispossession by the colonists; enslaved Africans did as well, amid the . i think those dresses look horrid on toughs poor little girls. On 31 March 1492, the Catholic Monarch ordered the expulsion of the Jews in Spain who refused to convert to Christianity. [55][56] Arguably the most significant introduction was diseases brought to the Americas, which devastated indigenous populations in a series of epidemics. [158] A major production in Mexico was the 1998 film, The Other Conquest, which focuses on a Nahua in the post-conquest era and the evangelization of central Mexico. Archbishop Juan Rodrguez de Fonseca, Isabella's confessor, was tasked with reining in Columbus's independence. There was quite a bit of gold coming in. [43] In 1521, Ponce de Leon was killed while trying to establish a settlement near what is now Charlotte Harbor, Florida. Most agriculture and ranching supplied local needs, since transportation was difficult, slow, and expensive. The conquest of central Mexico sparked further Spanish conquests, following the pattern of conquered and consolidated regions being the launching point for further expeditions. Vol. The crown asserted is authority and sovereignty of the territory and vassals it claimed, collected taxes, maintained public order, meted out justice, and established policies for governance of large indigenous populations. The Viceroyalty of Per was established in 1542. Large deposits were found in a single mountain in the viceroyalty of Peru, the Cerro Rico, in what is now Bolivia, and in several places outside of the dense indigenous zone of settlement in northern Mexico, Zacatecas and Guanajuato. Direct link to 27juliak's post Is there any instances wh, Posted 2 years ago. In Peru, Spaniards founded the city of Lima as their capital and its nearby port of Callao, rather than the high-altitude site of Cuzco, the center of Inca rule. In Peru, the Cerro Rico's ore was processed from the local mercury mine of Huancavelica, while in Mexico mercury was imported from the Almadn mercury mine in Spain. In the Huancavelica region, mercury continues to wreak ecological damage.[144][145][146]. The Spanish Crown separated them into the Repblica de Indios. [101] In 2007 Pope Benedict XVI issued a less sweeping apology for the wrongs done in the conversion of indigenous peoples. [63] Ecclesiastics also functioned as administrators overseas in the early Caribbean period, particularly Frey Nicols de Ovando, who was sent to investigate the administration of Francisco de Bobadilla, the governor appointed to succeed Christopher Columbus. 1500-1533) fill up a large room once with gold and twice with silver in exchange for his freedom. Castile and Aragon were ruled jointly by their respective monarchs, but they remained separate kingdoms. Survivors continued to travel among indigenous groups in the North American south and southwest until 1536. The composition of the expedition was the standard pattern, with a senior leader, and participating men investing in the enterprise with the full expectation of rewards if they did not lose their lives. [100], In 2000, Pope John Paul II apologized for the wrongs done by the Catholic Church, including those to indigenous peoples. They founded the towns of Coro and Maracaibo. In the Indies, corregimiento initially functioned to bring control over Spanish settlers who exploited the indigenous populations held in encomienda, in order to protect the shrinking indigenous populations and prevent the formation of an aristocracy of conquerors and powerful settlers. But the importation of horses transformed warfare for both the Spaniards and the indigenous. [41][a] For political reasons, Spain would sometimes claim that La Florida[b] was all of the North American continent. The Spaniards systematically attempted to transform structures of indigenous governance to those more closely resembling those of Spaniards, so the indigenous city-state became a Spanish town and the indigenous noblemen who ruled became officeholders of the town council (cabildo). So, the correct options that match the statements quoted above are A and B. Columbus's discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paran River from Asuncin, now the capital of Paraguay. London, England: Penguin Classics. from other nations, thus boosting its colonial popula-tion. Latin America stretches from the southern boundaries of the United States in North America to the southern tip of South America.. 2. [90] A similar legal apparatus was set up in Lima.[91]. Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. Direct link to louisaandgreta's post Illness played a much gr, Posted 2 years ago. That was of enslaved Africans. The crown had authority to draw the boundaries for dioceses and parishes. Pope Alexander VI in a 4 May 1493 papal decree, Inter caetera, divided rights to lands in the Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal on the proviso that they spread Christianity. Other imports were figs, apricots, cherries, pears, and peaches among others. They pursued a policy of joint rule of their kingdoms and created the initial stage of a single Spanish monarchy, completed under the eighteenth-century Bourbon monarchs. [66], The politics of asserting royal authority to oppose Columbus resulted in the suppression of his privileges and the creation of territorial governance under royal authority. The Central African Empire was a short-lived and self-proclaimed "imperial" one-party state ruled by an absolute monarch that replaced the Central African Republic. Why can't they treat the native people with respect? Warren, J. [10] 5, p. 453. 30 seconds. Columbuss colonization of the Atlantic islands inaugurated an era of aggressive Spanish expansion across the Atlantic. If you're behind a web filter, please make sure that the domains *.kastatic.org and *.kasandbox.org are unblocked. A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. Spaniards waged a fifty-year war (ca. The era of Imperialism is characterized by the "colonization of Americans" from the 15th to 19th centuries, and also the expansion of Japan, Europe, and the United States powers during the end of the 19th century and starting of the 20th century. Expeditions continued to explore territories in hopes of finding another Aztec or Inca empire, with no further success. Cuman in Venezuela was the first permanent settlement founded by Europeans in the mainland Americas,[14] in 1501 by Franciscan friars, but due to successful attacks by the indigenous people, it had to be refounded several times, until Diego Hernndez de Serpa's foundation in 1569. His fall from power is viewed as an example of the weakening of the crown in the mid-seventeenth century since it failed to protect their duly appointed bishop. The film starred Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, and Liam Neeson and It won an Academy Award. parliament), administrative or ecclesiastical institution, or seigneurial group. During the early era and under the Habsburgs, the crown established a regional layer of colonial jurisdiction in the institution of Corregimiento, which was between the Audiencia and town councils. pp 9, Warren, J. Benedict. [161], The Mission was a 1996 film idealizing a Jesuit mission to the Guaran in the territory disputed between Spain and Portugal. It consisted of a number of opposing views about the way natives were to be integrated into colonial life, their conversion to Christianity and their rights and obligations. In Hispaniola, the indigenous Tano pre-contact population before the arrival of Columbus of several hundred thousand had declined to sixty thousand by 1509. The leader of an expedition, the adelantado was a senior with material wealth and standing who could persuade the crown to issue him a license for an expedition. Spanish settlers initially found relatively dense populations of indigenous peoples, who were agriculturalists living in villages ruled by leaders not part of a larger integrated political system. Rowe, John. Other notable historical figures in the production are Malinche, Corts cultural translator, and other conquerors Pedro de Alvarado, Cristbal de Olid, Bernal Daz del Castillo. [72] To these political functions of the governor, it could be joined the military ones, according to military requirements, with the rank of Captain general. It was translated quickly to English and became the basis for the anti-Spanish writings, collectively known as the Black Legend. American-born elite men complained bitterly about the change, since they lost access to power that they had enjoyed for nearly a century.[109]. [92] Indigenous noblemen were particularly important in the early period of colonization, since the economy of the encomienda was initially built on the extraction of tribute and labor from the commoners in their communities. [5] The deeply pious Isabella saw the expansion of Spain's sovereignty inextricably paired with the evangelization of non-Christian peoples, the so-called spiritual conquest with the military conquest. Free and enslaved Africans were a feature of New Spain throughout the colonial period. One was the presence or absence of dense, hierarchically organized indigenous populations that could be made to work. [108] Although constituted as the highest judicial authority in their territorial jurisdiction, they also had executive and legislative authority, and served as the executive on an interim basis. The Spanish conquest of Yucatn, the Spanish conquest of Guatemala, the conquest of the Purpecha of Michoacan, the war of Mexico's west, and the Chichimeca War in northern Mexico expanded Spanish control over territory and indigenous populations stretching thousands of miles. The Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. On the death, unauthorized absence, retirement or removal of a governor, the treasury officials would jointly govern the province until a new governor appointed by the king could take up his duties. Another failed attempt was conducted by Lucas Vzquez de Aylln, who set out with approximately 500 colonists and established the settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape in modern-day South Carolina in 1526.[44]. The laws were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in the Americas, particularly with regards to treatment of native Indians in the institution of the encomienda. This is not a fabrication; indigenous death to such diseases claimed around 50% in Tenochtitlan and up to 90% elsewhere on the continent. Benedict. 378-79. Missions were established with royal authority through the Patronato real. Europeans immigrated from various provinces of Spain, with initial waves of emigration consisting of more men than women. What events in the timeline affected the development of government in the thirteen colonies--. The crown of Castile financed more of his trans-Atlantic journeys, a pattern they would not repeat elsewhere. Zumrraga was reprimanded for his actions as exceeding his authority. 1. 1 (2012): 26-40. The diocesan clergy) (also called the secular clergy were under the direct authority of bishops, who were appointed by the crown, through the power granted by the pope in the Patronato Real. In 1542 Dominican friar Bartolom de Las Casas wrote a damning account of this demographic catastrophe, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies. Although the structure of the indigenous cabildo looked similar to that of the Spanish institution, its indigenous functionaries continued to follow indigenous practices. Image credit: Map of de Coronado's route through Mexico and the Southwest of the modern United States. The Catholic Historical Review 64.2 (1978): 168-184. [112] The Bourbon-era intendants were appointed and relatively well paid. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. In the eighteenth-century reforms, the Viceroyalty of Peru was reorganized, splitting off portions to form the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia) (1739) and the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (Argentina) (1776), leaving Peru with jurisdiction over Peru, Charcas, and Chile. The Conquest of Michoacn: The Spanish Domination of the Tarascan Kingdom in Western Mexico, 15211530. I've read that the reasons for Spanish conquest could be summed up with three words: "Gold, Glory, God.". [53] The capitals of Mexico and Peru, Mexico City and Lima came to have large concentrations of Spanish settlers and became the hubs of royal and ecclesiastical administration, large commercial enterprises and skilled artisans, and centers of culture. The most prominent example is in Puebla, Mexico, when Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was driven from his bishopric by the Jesuits. There was surface gold found in early islands, and holders of encomiendas put the indigenous to work panning for it. Spain gained immense wealth from this expansionism, which translated into an influx of Spanish art and cultural capital. The ideas from the French and the American Revolution influenced the efforts. Question. Ships and cargoes were registered, and emigrants vetted to prevent migration of anyone not of old Christian heritage, (i.e., with no Jewish or Muslim ancestry), and facilitated the migration of families and women. Once the Aztec Empire was toppled, they founded Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital. The conquest of the Aztec Empire involved the combined effort of armies from many indigenous allies, spearheaded by a small Spanish force of conquistadors. Caste system. The Spanish did not find any gold in the Americas, but they did establish large plantations B. The Jesuits resisted crown control, refusing to pay the tithe on their estates that supported the ecclesiastical hierarchy and came into conflict with bishops. [151] Christopher Columbus: The Discovery (1992) has Georges Corroface as Columbus with Marlon Brando as Toms de Torquemada and Tom Selleck as King Ferdinand and Rachel Ward as Queen Isabela. The Audiencias were initially constituted by the crown as a key administrative institution with royal authority and loyalty to the crown as opposed to conquerors and first settlers. He was driven from his home by the thousands, starved, beaten, raped, and murdered with impunity. Spanish explorations of other islands in the Caribbean and what turned out to be the mainland of South and Central America occupied them for over two decades. In colonial Mexico, there are petitions to the king about a variety of issues important to particular indigenous communities when the noblemen did not get a favorable response from the local friar or priest or local royal officials. - St. Augustine is the first European city established in North America. The cabildo was composed of the prominent residents (vecinos) of the municipality, so that governance was restricted to a male elite, with majority of the population exercising power. Hoping to salvage Portugals holdings, King Joo II negotiated a treaty with Spain. In 1809 the first declarations of independence from Spanish rule occurred in the Viceroyalty of Peru. [131] Religious orders along with the Jesuits then embarked on further evangelization in frontier regions of the empire. [citation needed], Of the history of the indigenous population of California, Sherburne F. Cook (18961974) was the most painstakingly careful researcher. I: Crowds and social movements have lasting and more significant effects and last for a longer period of time than fads and fashions. However, those regions that had been colonized by the French or Spanish would retain national characteristics that linger to this day. The monarchy was abolished and the republic was restored on 21 September 1979. The monarchy took most of it, and the rest was spread across lords and ladies. Where the Spaniards had exclusive access to horses in warfare, they had an advantage over indigenous warriors on foot. [citation needed]. Cushner, Nicolas P. Argentina: The Colonial Period in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. Francisco de Ibarra led an expedition from Zacatecas in northern New Spain, and founded Durango. [45] In 1565, Spain established a settlement in St. Augustine, Florida, lasting in one way or another until modern times. [71], As the basic political entity it was the governorate, or province. Mercury is a neurotoxin, which damaged and killed human and mules coming into contact with it. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cdiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present-day Guajira peninsula. To satisfy his debts to the Welsers, he granted them the right to colonize and exploit western Venezuela, with the proviso that they found two towns with 300 settlers each and construct fortifications. The spanish, of course, wanted power over natives and africans (and justified their power and enforced it through various means), so created the caste system. In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. [citation needed]. [40], One of the colonists who conquered Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de Len, is commonly given credit for being the first European to sight Florida in 1513. Invasion of the American continents and incorporation into the Spanish Empire, "Conquista" redirects here. In southern Central and South America, settlements were founded in Panama (1519); Len, Nicaragua (1524); Cartagena (1532); Piura (1532); Quito (1534); Trujillo (1535); Cali (1537) Bogot (1538); Quito (1534); Cuzco 1534); Lima (1535); Tunja, (1539); Huamanga (1539); Arequipa (1540); Santiago de Chile (1544) and Concepcin, Chile (1550).
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