It was Owen, therefore, who suggested the slightly comical name Zeuglodon ("yoke tooth") instead. [3][4] The group is noted to be a paraphyletic assemblage of stem group whales[5] from which the monophyletic Neoceti are derived. To see earlier posts, select the Archives at the top of this page. Thewissen JGM, Bajpai S. Dental morphology of the Remingtonocetidae (Cetacea, Mammalia). Eg: the nasal opening of the basilosaurid whale shows that this animal is an intermediate species between land mammal and modern whale. However, the rest of Basilosaurus hearing adaptations indicate it was fully marine, and thus any retention of adaptations for hearing airborne sound was probably vestigial. The typical species were around 18 meters/60 feet in length in life, and had serrated, triangular teeth with two roots, and had a second pair of small, possibly functional flippers. In all mammals, this bone, the astragalus or talus (Fig. B.T., a 222222-year-old man who lives in a small mountain town in Colorado, is highly allergic to dust and pollen. The basilosaurids have a closer affinity to living whales than any other extinct group. The hindlimbs are tiny, and the pelvis lacked any bony connection to the vertebral column (and must have floated in the muscles of the belly), indicating that these elements could not support any weight out of water. Geisler JH, Saunders AE, Luo Z-X. Discover fascinating details about this enormous marine mammal. Strauss, Bob. Zeuglodon) is a genus of primitive whale from the Late Eocene. (2015). Aslan A, Thewissen JGM. 1994, 1996; Madar et al. It had a long snout and a long tail and long slender limbs. With aquatic origins for cetaceans now being known to occur within the artiodactyls, the search is on for the discovery of the terrestrial relatives of raoellids. New York: Plenum; 1998. p. 32552. In details of ear anatomy too, remingtonocetids are more specialized than pakicetids and ambulocetids (Nummela et al. Cetaceans have lungs and come to the surface to breathe air, like other mammals and unlike fish. The ectotympanic of Indohyus has a thickened internal lip, a powerful indicator that Indohyus is closely related to cetaceans. 4), has a hinge joint, called a trochlea, where it articulates with the tibia (shin bone). The emergence of whales: evolutionary patterns in the origin of Cetacea. ______________________ The closest match, so far, of whale DNA to Its overall body shape is so unlike those of other whales that it was initially thought to be a marine reptile; hence the name Basilosaurus, which means king lizard. The teeth towards the back of the mouth have multiple large serration-like cusps. Although the pelvis was characterized by a reduced ilium (the bone that connects to the sacrum, which forms the base of the vertebral column, in terrestrial animals), it possessed a proportionally large pubis. From Land to Water: the Origin of Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises. Anatomy: Basilosaurus looked vastly different from all modern whales and dolphins. Similar to earlier archaeocetes and unlike most later cetaceans, basilosaurids retained a heterodont dentition, with clear morphological differences between incisors, canines, premolars, and molars (Uhen 2004). We focus on the evolution of cetacean organ systems, as these document the transition from land to water in detail. When blood moves to the outer extremities, the blood is cooled due to heat exchange with the cold environment, however, when the blood returns, it flows close to the warm incoming blood flow and exchanges heat, causing the return blood to be warmed up. In spite of the variation in body size, all modern Cetacea are relatively similar in shape: they have a horizontal tail fluke used in swimming; their forelimbs are flippers; there are no external hind limbs; their neck is short, and their body is streamlined. Nikaido M, Rooney AP, Okada N. Phylogenetic relationships among cetartiodactyls based on insertions of short and long interspersed elements: hippopotamuses are the closest extant relatives of whales. Fewer than ten fossils of ambulocetids have been discovered, but one of these is a relatively complete skeleton of Ambulocetus natans (Fig. statement and Basilosaurus is one of the few fossil marine mammals for which preserved gut contents are known. basilosaurid, any member of the family Basilosauridae, an early group of whales that lived from the middle Eocene to the late Oligocene Epoch (about 41 million to 23 million years ago). This form of locomotion is anguilliform, or eel-like; in the case of Basilosaurus, this movement would have been up-down, rather than side to side as in eels and other anguilliform fishes. 10). Univ Michigan Pap Pal. Hand and foot of the protocetid Rodhocetus (modified from Gingerich et al. University of Michigan Papers on Paleontology 34:1-222. What is comparative anatomy? Skeletal evidence indicates that Basilosaurus could perceive the direction of origin for underwater sounds. True or False: All living things on Earth are related? (D) Pelvis and femur of the juvenile male specimen figured in C. (E) Another pelvis and femur from an adult specimen (B. mysticetus, 98B5) for comparison. Thewissen JGM, Cooper LN, Clementz MT, Bajpai S, Tiwari BN. Raoellids are only known from Pakistan and western India and are restricted to the lower and middle Eocene, approximately between 55 and 45 million years ago. Another surprising feature in the skeleton of Indohyus was found in the bones of its extremities. As huge as Basilosaurus was, it still occupied a fairly low branch on the whale evolutionary tree, plying the oceans only 10 million years or so after its earliest ancestors (such as Pakicetus) were still walking on land. In the earlier embryos, the hind limbs are present, but then they disappear as embryonic development continues. Remingtonocetids are also important because they document evolution in another major sense organ. The skeletons of Ambulocetus (top) and Pakicetus (bottom), J.G.M. We thank the Geological Survey of Pakistan for collaborating in collecting and studying Pakistani fossils and for logistic support, and Dr. S. Taseer Hussain for his leadership of the Howard University-Geological Survey of Pakistan project. Basilosaurids have a nasal opening that has shifted back far toward the eyes to form a blowhole and have flippers for forelimbs, a fluke at the end of the tail, and tiny hind limbs, too tiny to support the body weight on land. coat of fur ____________ ______________Both have? While hunting in these deep and murky waters, they use short, powerful, ultrasonic echolocation clicks to find, follow, and catch . Basal fully aquatic whales, the basilosaurids are worldwide known from Bartonian-Priabonian localities, indicating that this group was widely distributed during the late middle Eocene. Such heavy bones are called osteosclerotic and are common in aquatic mammals that are waders or bottom walkers but not swimmers. the Basilosaurid whale? The kekenodontines consist of the single genus Kekenodon, which was only poorly known and is the only basilosaurid dating from the Oligocene Epoch. It is now generally assumed that odontocetes and mysticetes (together called Neoceti) arose from a common Eocene cetacean ancestor and are thus monophyletic. Protocetids are a diverse group, with approximately 15 genera described. ThoughtCo, Feb. 16, 2021, thoughtco.com/facts-about-basilosaurus-king-lizard-whale-1093325. Instead it is located further posterior on the snout, foreshadowing the formation of the blowhole of later whales (Fig. 2007;450:11905. 1998; Clementz et al. Composite skeletons of the pakicetid cetaceans Pakicetus (left) and Ichthyolestes (right). The changing cetacean body plan during the first ten million years of cetacean evolution. It was a shallow stream, and the climate was hot and dry. coat of fur. This is the oldest whale genus with evidence for flukes, although flukes may have occurred in early whales for which the tail is unknown. Get 5 free video unlocks on our app with code GOMOBILE, _______________________________ Where is the nasal opening in Usually, on cross section (Fig. The great length of the vertebral column of basilosaurids can be attributed to the increase in the number of lumbar vertebrae in the taxon but also by the increase in length of each individual vertebra. Skull and skull fragments of four individuals of Indohyus. 1998). The purpleblue color is fossilized bone in this image taken with a polarized light microscope with a gypsum filter. About 50 million years ago, during the evolution from (raoellid) artiodactyls to (pakicetid) cetaceans, a remarkable transformation took place. A new, diminutive whale from Kachchh (Gujarat, India) and its implications for locomotor evolution of cetaceans. Notice the similarities between hippos and whales. This is unlike modern (odontocete) cetaceans in which the teeth along the tooth row are all very similar (a condition called homodonty). Hind limbs of Basilosaurus isis: evidence of feet in whales. While early reports on protocetid skeletons proposed that a fluke was present (Gingerich et al. Google Scholar. Here we document new remains of basilosaurid whale from early middle Eocene (Lutetian) of Wadi El-Rayan Group of the Fayum Depression, Egypt. References Consulted: Buchholtz, E.A. Koch. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The skeleton of the raoellid artiodactyl Indohyus. Numbers are used to refer to individual specimens. Middle to late Eocene basilosaurines. In: Thewissen JGM, editor. 20). Gingerich PD, Smith BH, Simons EL. Correspondingly, the conical incisors and canines are aligned anteroposteriorly, rather . Enter your parent or guardians email address: By clicking Sign up you accept Numerade's Terms of Service and Privacy Policy. In: Thewissen JGM, editor. This eye position occurs in aquatic mammals such as hippopotamus. Comparing things that are similar and different. Gingerich PD, Arif M, Bhatti MA, Raza HA, Raza M. Protosiren and Babiacetus (Mammalia, Sirenia and Cetacea) from the middle Eocene Drazinda Formation, Sulaiman Range, Punjab (Pakistan). The phylogeny among fossil animals can be determined by coding their morphology and having a computer program determine the greatest similarities in significant characters. Bajpai SB, Thewissen JGM, Kapur VV, Tiwari BN, Sahni S. Eocene and Oligocene sirenians (Mammalia) from Kachchh, India. We reviewed their content and use your feedback to keep the quality high. 1997;30:5581. 2001a;75:4635. However, the bone of Indohyus is much thicker and the marrow cavity, consequently, smaller, only 42% of the bone (Thewissen et al. They appear to have lived side by side roughly 34 to 40 million years ago. (C) The pelvis is attached to the femur with a synovial joint, and a small cartilaginous tibia is also present (B. mysticetus, 06B4; Lucas 1900; Struthers 1893). So let's see. In: Prothero DR, Foss SE, editors. In Artiocetus and Rodhocetus, the limbs are short; the hand had five fingers, and the foot had four toes, and the foot was much larger than the hand, somewhat similar to Ambulocetus. In some regards, all cetaceans, sirenians, and pinnipeds are similar; they are all adapted to life in water. In growth it was similar to today's Killer whales, but Basilosaurus was muchlenthier than killer whales(twice the size of the killer whale).There was a co-existence between this huge c. Gingerich, P.D., Smith, B.H., and E.L. Simons. Ectotympanic bones of Pakicetus and the modern dolphin Lagenorhynchus. Bajpai S, Thewissen JGM. Ambulocetid fossils are approximately 49 million years old (middle Eocene). 2006; Madar 2007; Fig. 2004;430:7768. Washington: Carnegie Institute of Washington; 1936. p. 1366. Anatmia - latin kifejezsek (alapszvetek), John David Jackson, Patricia Meglich, Robert Mathis, Sean Valentine, BIO 101 - How Populations Evolve, Part 2 (2), Plant Biology Exam 2- Evidence for Evolution. For instance, cetaceans and sirenians lack (nearly all) body hair, whereas pinnipeds have dense fur. A good example is the giant killer whale Leviathan (Livyatan), which lived about 25 million years later (during the Miocene epoch), weighed as much as 50 tons, and made a worthy opponent for the contemporaneous prehistoric shark Megalodon. Senses on the threshold: adaptations in secondarily aquatic vertebrates. 2006;26:40010. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. David Polly is a vertebrate paleontologist at Indiana University-Bloomington and a Research Associate at the Field Museum in Chicago. Part of A point of similarity among protocetids is the position and size of the eyes, which differentiates them from earlier cetaceans (Nummela et al. CAS Madar SI, Thewissen JGM, Hussain ST. Additional holotype remains of Ambulocetus natans (Cetacea, Ambulocetidae), and their implications for locomotion in early whales. For many of these, no complete skeletons are known, but it appears clear that protocetids were a diverse family, with great variety in such features as snout length and ear morphology. Such a locality is called a bone bed, and it is not possible to determine which skull went with which other bones. Basilosaurid genera are separated into four subfamilies: Dorudontinae, Basilosaurinae, Kekenodontinae, and Stromeriinae. By using this website, you agree to our Reducing the size of the canals would reduce the chances of overstimulation and also limit the sensitivity of the canals. Toothed whales can use vocal registers like humans to communicate and hunt. Unlike earlier archaeocetes, which all had 11 teeth per half jaw (44 teeth in all), basilosaurids had lost one tooth in each upper jaw, bringing their total number to 42. Three species of Basilosaurus are known, and specimens have been discovered in fossil sites in the southeastern United States (Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Tennessee), England, Egypt, Jordan, and Pakistan, indicating that Basilosaurus inhabited the Northern Atlantic Ocean, Tethys Sea, and the Paratethys Sea (the precursor to the Mediterranean Sea). Although Richard Harlan came up with the name Basilosaurus, it was the famous English naturalist Richard Owen who recognized that this prehistoric creature was actually a whale. It is called the blowhole. In development, the nose opening shifts from the tip of the snout (arrow in left embryo) to its position on top of the head. Llanocetus denticrenatus was discovered in the latest Eocene sediments of Seymour Island, Antarctica and current research puts it as the earliest known Mysticeti or baleen whale. Thewissen JGM, Hussain ST, Arif M. Fossil evidence for the origin of aquatic locomotion in archaeocete whales. 2007). Although the first fossils for this group were discovered before World War II, these were so fragmentary that they were not recognized as cetaceans. Gingerich PD, Arif M, Clyde WC. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. A stable isotope study of the teeth of Indohyus also suggested that it lived in water (Thewissen et al. The teeth in the tip of the snout are roughly similar to those of modern fish-eating toothed whales, although the teeth are extremely robust and deeply rooted. J Vert Pal. The availability of rich new food sources has been proposed as a reason for the cetacean entry into the water, but this is unlikely, given that cetacean ancestors already lived in very shallow freshwater. Strauss, Bob. 1990;229:1547. In the Northern Hemisphere, fossils of basilosaurids are abundant, while records in the Southern Hemisphere are scarce and, in some cases (i.e., Antarctica), doubtful. Bob Strauss is a science writer and the author of several books, including "The Big Book of What, How and Why" and "A Field Guide to the Dinosaurs of North America. 2006) abound in some remingtonocetids, protocetids are usually found in clearer water deposits that are more exposed to wave action. There are approximately seven genera of basilosaurid cetaceans, but basically they can be divided into two body types. In all mammals, this foramen carries the nerves and blood vessels to the lower teeth and chin, but this does not account for its size in cetaceans. Basilosaurids are known from all the New World and the Old World and probably lived in all seas between 41 and 35 million years ago. Modular evolution of the Cetacean vertebral column. the Basilosaurid whale? A modern gray whale can emerge from the water, inhale and resubmerge without stopping or tilting its snout to breathe. In modern cetaceans, this foramen carries, in addition to the nerves and blood vessels mentioned, a long pad of fat which connects the lower jaw to the middle ear and transmits underwater sounds. In: Thewissen JGM, editor. Modern representatives of artiodactyls include pigs, hippos, camels, deer, sheep, cattle, and giraffe, and, of these, hippos are thought to be the closest living relatives of cetaceans (Nikaido et al. Several skulls were discovered for Indohyus (Fig. where is basilosaurid whales nasal opening. Dolphins, pilot whales and sperm whales use echolocation clicks to hunt and subdue their prey. J Vert Pal. Pakicetids are the earliest cetaceans and had a pelvis that was similar to most terrestrial mammals (composite of H-GSP 30395, 30213). "During vocal fry, the vocal folds are only open for a very short . Basal fully aquatic whales, the basilosaurids are worldwide known from BartonianPriabonian localities, indicating that this group was widely distributed during the late middle Eocene. These are clear signs of their mammalian heritage. At depths over 100m, whale lungs collapse to avoid compression sickness and are thus no good for air supply, and the remaining air is found in the nasal passages of the skull. have come from the common ancestor. Write each sum in sigma notation. 1994, 2001b; Fig. 3). The tail vertebrae are robust, suggesting that the tail was muscular. 1st ed. In: Thewissen JGM, editor. Terms and Conditions, 13). Blowholes help to distinguish modern forms of whales. Gatesy J, O'Leary MA. Cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) are an order of mammals that originated about 50 million years ago in the Eocene epoch. J Vert Pal. 1: Georgia's Oldest Fossils; Archaeocyathids, At 513 Million Years Old, 8: Suwannee Current, Gulf Trough, & Bridgeboro Limestone, 9: The Clayton Formation Report; By Hank Josey, 12: Basilosaurids; The First Modern Whales, 13: Ziggy and The Museum of Arts & Sciences, Macon, GA, 18: Miocene Epoch; 23.3 to 5.3 Million Years Ago, 19: Pliocene Epoch; 5.3 to 2.5 Million years Ago, 20: The Ice Ages; Pleistocene & Holocene Epochs, *NEW* 20K: Pleistocene Vertebrates from Coastal Georgia. ", Basilosaurus Was Once Mistaken for a Prehistoric Reptile, The Brain of Basilosaurus Was Comparatively Small, Basilosaurus Bones Were Once Used as Furniture, Basilosaurus Is the State Fossil of Mississippi and Alabama, Basilosaurus Was the Inspiration for the Hydrarchos Fossil Hoax. A disruption of the normal sequence of expression of genes that make these organs is responsible for this (Thewissen et al. In all, there are four or five genera of remingtonocetids, characterized by a long snout, which makes up nearly two thirds of the length of the skull. The first embryo is 6mm, the last one 17.5mm in length. Notice the similarities between hippos and whales. Given its morphology, it appears that Indohyus is more aquatic than Hyemoschus and may have spent much of its life in water. We dont have your requested question, but here is a suggested video that might help. Some dolphins can exceed speeds of 50 km/h, a feat accomplished by thrusting the flukes while adjusting attack angle with their flippers [].These movements are driven by robust axial musculature anchored to a relatively rigid torso consisting of numerous short . Basilosaurids had flukes similar to those of modern whales, but they differed from living whales in having triangle-shaped teeth, small hind limbs, and an elongated body with an extended tail. _______________________________ Where is the nasal opening in In the second embryo, hind limbs have started to form, but their development ceases and they slowly disappear as the embryo grows (third and fourth embryos). Snively E, Fahlke J.M. another animal is to ? Figure2 shows four embryos arranged from young to old. J Vert Pal. 1990. Creationists have moved the goal posts to other questions which I will attempt to address as an addition to my original posting since they require graphics and comments do not allow for pictures to be included. Pakicetids have teeth with cusps (the elevated bumps on a tooth) that are high, separated by deep valleys from other cusps (Fig. Pakicetids also have tooth wear that is highly unusual, with large polished areas on their enamel, caused by tooth-to-tooth contact. Their diversity was highest during the Eocene Epoch. Cetaceans are so different from land mammals that it was difficult to find significant similarities in the anatomy between cetaceans and land mammals. (2002), Annual Reviews). Based on the difference in time between the perception of a sound wave in each ear, Basilosaurus could likely determine the direction of origin of incoming sound. The transition from land to water is documented by a series of intermediate fossils, many of which are known from India and Pakistan. This work was supported by grants from the Indian Department of Science and Technology (to Sunil Bajpai) and the US National Science Foundation (to J. G. M. Thewissen). 24). Some paleontologists speculate that Basilosaurus both looked and swam like a giant eel, undulating its long, narrow, muscular body close to the water's surface. In the genus Remingtonocetus, the eyes are very small (Thewissen and Nummela 2008), but the ears are large and set far apart on the skull, a feature that enhances directional hearing. The snout and teeth are missing in all four specimens, but the orbits (eye sockets) are preserved. Pakicetus Be that as it may, Basilosaurus is the official state fossil of both Mississippi and Alabama (at least Mississippi divides the honor between Basilosaurus and another prehistoric whale, Zygorhiza). Eg: when we looking at the whales's anatomy, we can see that they evolved from an ancien 4 legged land mammal. The pelvis of Ambulocetus was large and weight bearing (H-GSP 18507), but, in Basilosaurus (US National Museum 12261), the pelvis was no longer attached to the vertebrae and the ilium was very reduced. In an if/else statement, the if part executes its statement or block if the expression is __________, and the else part executes its statement or block if the expression is __________. 1st ed. Berkeley: Univ Calif Press; 2008. p. 25786. Modern cetaceans undulate their tails dorsally and ventrally. For instance, they all have streamlined bodies, short limbs, and fin-shaped hands and feet. The second body type among basilosaurids is shorter, as short as 4m. These basilosaurids, called dorudontines (Uhen 1998), had dolphin-shaped bodies and swam by up-and-down motions of their tail fluke. New York: Plenum; 1998. p. 399421. This cetacean is the first large-bodied macroraptorial dolphin and highlights widespread locomotor convergence between baleen and toothed whales. 2006;26:35570. J Vert Pal. California Privacy Statement, These differences indicate that the organisms share a common ancestor for . The presence of hair or fur, for instance, is characteristic of mammals. 2007) that they are related to cetaceans is insufficient reason to change that. Locomotor evolution in the earliest cetaceans: functional model, modern analogues, and paleontological evidence. Form, function, and anatomy of Dorudon atrox (Mammalia, Cetacea): an archaeocete from the middle to late Eocene of Egypt. The earliest cetaceans had nasal bones (gray) and a nasal opening (black) near the tip of the snout. 21), and Georgiacetus from North America (Hulbert et al. Well-developed muscle attachments on bones of the hindlimbs suggest that they were functioning (and not completely vestigial), and they have been interpreted as clasper-like structures for mating (vestigial hindlimbs in boa constrictors serve such a purpose). Figure3 is such a diagram for early cetaceans. another animal is to ? In all these features, basilosaurids are more similar to modern cetaceans than to protocetids, and it is likely that they did not leave the oceans and were the first obligate cetaceans (Kellogg 1936; Uhen 2004). The sheer volume of bones of unrelated animals at one locality makes it impossible to identify all the bones of one individual. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/facts-about-basilosaurus-king-lizard-whale-1093325. Springer Nature. Origin of whales from early artiodactyls: hands and feet of Eocene Protocetidae from Pakistan. Unlike modern whales, basilosaurids possessed small hindlimbs with well defined femur, lower leg and feet. The proportions of the vertebrae at the tip of the tail suggest that Basilosaurus had small tail flukes. So they both share the similar features which includes the border shape and position orphans. The canals are not preserved in any Ambulocetus specimen. As archaeocetes, Basilosaurids lacked the telescoping skull of present whales. Article Comparing things that are similar and different. For other protocetids, a diet of smaller fish has been suggested (O'Leary and Uhen 1999). Hyemoschus is not osteosclerotic and spends relatively little time in the water. Cookies policy. The postcranial skeleton of pakicetid cetaceans. The emergence of whales: evolutionary patterns in the origin of Cetacea. Size: Complete skeletons of Basilosaurus indicate that it measured at least 17 meters (56 feet) in length. Over the next few decades, various specimens of Basilosaurus were assigned as species of Zeuglodon, most of which either reverted back to Basilosaurus or received new genus designations (Saghacetus and Dorudon being two notable examples). Archaeocetes is the common name for a group of primitive whales that lived in the Eocene Period (55-34 million years). X-ray computed tomographic (CT) scanning has been . Paleobiology. 1995b;29:291330. 2005). Author: Robert . New York: Plenum; 1998. p. 128. It exchanges heat, ions, or gases between vessel walls so that the two bloodstreams within the rete maintain a gradient with respect to temperature, or concentration of gases or solutes. In raoellids and other artiodactyls (and in extinct cetaceans), the astragalus has a second trochlea, which is located on the opposite end of the first trochlea, and this second trochlea articulates with the remaining bones of the ankle. 2004;34:1222. However, shark have the eagles. 's symptoms. 2023 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Struthers MD. A rete mirabile (Latin for wonderful net; plural retia mirabilia) is a complex of arteries and veins lying very close to each other, found in some vertebrates. In growth it was similar to today's Killer whales, but Basilosaurus was muchlenthier than killer whales (twice the size of the killer whale).There was a co-existence between this huge c . In general, the diameter of these tubes, the semicircular canals, scales with body size (Spoor and Thewissen 2008), but the canals are extremely reduced in modern cetaceans. Bringing Georgia's Natural History to Georgians, GA Paleo Research by Paul F. Huddlestun PhD, Late Eocene & Older Coastal Plain Stratigraphy, Washington County Core Logs By Paul Huddlestun, Coastal Plain Core Logs by Paul F. Huddlestun, Collections & Stewardship of Georgias Fossils, Amateur; Jared Dyche, On The Way To A Degree, Bill Christy; Kamin Performance Minerals Fossils, Meet Crassostrea gigantissima, Georgia's Historic Giant Oyster, Georgiacetus Presentation; A Whale for Georgia, The Natural History & Fossils Record of Houston County, GA, Georgia's Paleontology For Georgia's Classrooms, Georgia's Fossils Presentation; 500 million years, The Sardis Iron, Georgia's Largest Meteorite, 5A; Georgias Pennsylvanian Plant Fossils, 5B: Carpentertypus durhami, Georgias Giant Insect, 315 Million Years Ago, 7L: Bill Montante's Mega "Gator" Tooth Discovery, 7H: Deinosuchus schwimmeri in Recognition of Dr. David Schwimmer, 12F; Houston County, GA Basilosaurus to the Smithsonian, 14B; Fossils, Impacts, & Tektites Dating the Clinchfield Formation, 14F; Sandersville Limestone, By Hank Josey, 14K; Shell Bluff; Georgia's Most Historic Paleontology Site, 14L; Taylors Bluff, Paleo Paddling the Ocmulgee River, 14M; Eocene Terrestrial Mammals From Gordon, GA, 14N: Fossil Ridge, A Stratigraphic Study in Oaky Woods Wildlife Management Area, 14Q; Bibb County's Christy Hill, Clinchfield Formation Hilltop, 15D; Brissus bridgeboroensis; A New Echinoid Species From Georgias Bridgeboro Limestone, 15E: The Curious Steinkern Sea Biscuits of Red Dog Farm Road, 18D: Miocene Terrestrial Vertebrates of the Marks Head Formation, 18F: South Georgias Dugong Metaxytherium calvertense, 19A: Two Small Primitive Horses from Taylor County Advance the Science of Georgia Geology, 20I; Pleistocene Vertebrate Fossils On Georgias Piedmont, 20J; Watkins Quarry Pleistocene Vertebrates, Glynn County, GA. All of the basilosaurids share some common features despite significant variations in size.
Icahn Automotive Employee Login,
Palmera Vacation Club Lawsuit,
Sassoon Academy Chicago,
University Of Valley Forge Academic Calendar,
Articles W